2009-12-29

日本の対中依存度が加速?

 企業の中国移転により対中依存が加速―ロシア誌なんて記事が。

 2009年12月17日、新華網によると、ロシア週刊誌「プロフィール」は14日、「日本経済」と題する論説を掲載。日本の今年のGDP成長率は03年の水準に落ち着くだろうとの見通しを示した。

 また、日本における投資総額は米国を30%ほど上回っているが、労働生産性が米国より20%も低く、国内生産収益率(ROI)の下降は、日本企業の国外移転、特に巨大な国内市場を誇る中国への移転に拍車をかけており、すでに1万近い日本の企業が中国に会社を設立、生産ラインをすべて中国に移し、日本には経営部門と財務しか残さないという例も少なくない。

 中国の対日輸出の60%が日系企業からの輸出だという現実は、こうした背景から理解するべきだが、日本は中国経済への依存度を強めているということには変わりはない。2008年の日中貿易は米中・日米貿易を抜いて2000億ドルを突破、しかも中国の対日輸出は対米を500億ドルも上回る。

 中国企業による日本企業の買収も、結果的に日本の中国への依存を強めることにつながっているという。http://www.recordchina.co.jp/group.php?groupid=38105&type=1

 台湾の現状は、この記事の日本のように対中依存度が年々深まっており、人口2千万人のうちの5%である1百万人以上が中国内に居住していることから、台湾が幾ら独立を騒ごうと、もはや経済的には中国なしでは生き残ることができない状況になっており、損なのは夢物語だと思っています(台湾人の方ごめんなさい)。

 日本に関して、ロシアの雑誌がこういう紹介をしたということですが、実際にはどうだろうか。一部の中小企業は確かに生産機能を全て中国に移管した所もありますが、コア産業系の大企業はそこまで馬鹿じゃないと思いますけど。だいたい今の中国沿岸部のコストを考えたら、中国に製造機能を全て移管するなんて自殺行為でしかないでしょう。

 それにしても、中国の対日輸出の60%が日系企業によるものであること。これは対米貿易でも似たような数字になるはずで、こここそが本来中国側が見るべき数字のはずなんですけどね。ロシア発といいながら、新華社が報道した記事がこうなんですよね。中国としては、日本はもう俺たちなしでは生きれない、と強調したいんでしょう。

 でも実は。考え方次第で中国は日本や米国企業が撤退した瞬間。一気に経済は崩壊するんじゃないだろうか?日本企業の中国製品は、そこそこの品質のものを低コストで作るものであって、最先端のものは限られており、かつ日本人の品質管理機能が無ければとても受け入れられるものではない。別にベトナムでもフィリピンでも作ろうと思えば作れる。様はコストの問題だけ(各国のワーカーの質もありますが)。

 自国経済の極めて脆弱な体制を暴露している事にきずいているのかいないのか。

 政治が国家間で交渉する時は、日本企業の中国事業もお互いに一つのコマとして扱えるでしょう。思い切った割り切りさえすれば、日本政府が有利になると思うんですけど。

2009-12-08

群长工给地球打长工,地球给他们盖了一堆团结房、团结楼住着。后来说反正也没人住,不如卖给他们。

假如我是個農民,一年能掙個800塊,再加上養一群鴨子,賣點鴨蛋,估計最多一年也就一千塊,想要在上海郊區買套像樣的房子,我得不吃不喝耕種1000年,到時候,共產主義就實現了。

假如我是個工人,一個月拿800塊錢,得連續工作100年。估計,沒什么工廠要這么老的工人。

假如我是個公務員,一個月2500,我得熬上33年,估計剛買了,就得退休,而且很有可能是因為營養不良,迅速逝世。

假如我是個撰稿人,每兩個字一塊錢的稿費,我得連續寫兩百萬字,在word文檔上連續些兩千頁,我明白了,為什么寫字的人容易夭折,憋的。

假如我是妓女,平均每次收獲200塊,我得連續接客5000人次,假如每天接客兩人,含法定節假日,那就得連續奮戰2500天,七年左右。這倒快,能在上海郊區買一套房子。

2009-11-30

中国のB2Cはなんで利益が出ないのか

中国には1400ほどのB2CのECサイトがあるそうですが、利益を上げているところは殆ど無いといわれています。何故B2Cは利益を上げれないのかという題名の記事がありました。ちょっと抽象的なんですけど。

・B2Cも従来型の小売と変わりは無いし、テレビショッピングや、電話ショッピングとチャネルが違うだけだ。重要なのはアフターサービス、製品と、その製品に対する深い知識。

・テレビ物販は高利潤の物が多いが、誇大広告により、一度だけの顧客の獲得を狙う物が多く、比較的利益を得られやすいが、直ぐに真似をされ競合が増え、顧客の不信感をもたらし、ECに対してもネガティブな影響を与えている。現状正当な商売よりもゲリラ的な方法が効果を挙げている。

・中国では目先の利益を人が多く、一方大量な資金を投入しない限り規模の追及は無理である。VC投資をうけると直ぐに株式公開をさせようとする為に、過激な成長を求める事になるが、管理体制が成長に追いつかずアフターサービスがおろそかになる。そして、一旦悪い評判が立つとその影響も大きい。また、直ぐに利益を獲得しようとして広告やマーケティング費用が非常に嵩み、それが大手EC企業の利益圧迫要因となっている。

・暴利を獲得できるのは、一般に不法な市場だが、中国では証券市場だけがその例外である。実業で利益を上げていくのには時間がかかりすぎ、売上も大きくはならない。創業5年以内にIPOさせるのが最も稼げる手法であり、実際の利益など重要ではない。財務諸表なんて作りようがあり、結局全ての企業がIPOを目指す事になる。そのせいで、中国の大手EC企業が利益を上げられないのは当然だ

・経営者の功名心や実力不足も多い。2009年には化粧品分野のサイトの死亡率が最も高く、15%のサイトが閉鎖した。

成功するには
1.実力がある人は(1億円とか投資をできる水準でしょう)
 中国の株式市場は暴利獲得の機会であり、今後10年間はその傾向は変わらないでしょう。VCが要求するほど早いIPOを目指すのでなく、ゆっくりと時間を掛けてIPOを目指しなさい。また、100年企業のように一歩一歩堅実に成長する方法もあります。

2.1000万元以下の資金を投資する場合(1.5億円以下)
 非常に注意深く事業を展開する必要はあります。この程度の資金のECサイトは山ほどあり、発展の手法は多くありますが、可能性もたくさんあります。自分の欲望を抑え、技術を凝らし、フォーカスした戦略で運営すれば、お金を稼ぐ事はできるでしょう。利益さえあげていれば、かならず一度はチャンスがあり、 IPOも不可能では無いでしょう。

3.100万元以下の投資をする場合(1千万円以下)
 この程度の資金ではなかなか厳しいのですが、淘宝に出るのがよいでしょう。B2Cでも良いのですが、この資金レベルはメーカーではなく販売業でしょうから特定の地域内を対象にしたB2Cとか、実態店舗を持つのもよいでしょう。

4.10万元以下の資金しか投入できない場合
 この程度の資金では、淘宝しかないでしょう。でも、最もよいのは、やはり外で働く事でしょう。商売でお金を稼ぐ事のみが生活ではな
く、日々楽しければ良いじゃないですか

⇒記事だけ見ても表現があいまいですが、メジャーに戦うには数億円の資金投入をしないと中国のECでは戦っていけないというところでしょう。僕らのような個人だと2の100万元単位(今なら10百万円)ということになります。それ以下は個人を対称にしていますが、日本円で1千万円単位の投資もできないのなら、全く土俵に載る事もできないだろうという事でしょう。

 中国人が中国で運営する場合を言っていますので、日本企業が何かする場合、日本人の出張費や、駐在費用、日本語人材・通訳の費用、高めの事務所等のコストがかかる場合は、当然それをオンしないといけません。サイト構築とかでも、日本企業向けになると価格は平気で3倍以上はしますから。

 そして、最後の10万元=130万円程度以下の投資しかできないなら、サラリーマンしていた方がまし。という言葉は意味神妙です。

 貨幣単位が日本と比べれば少なくとも3分の1から5分の1という事を考えると、日本企業が中国の

・ECでそこそこやるなら 4-8億円プラス日本経費で10億円
・まぁまぁ行くにも   4-8千万円プラスで1億円
・僕らのように100万元程度の資金だと、2と3の間で、淘宝からしかない

このくらいの資金は必要なんでしょうね。

2009-11-06

中国ビジネスに関する大いなる“誤解”

Three Myths About Business In China
Shaun Rein, 10.27.09, 05:30 PM EDT
Some things everyone knows are no longer true.



China's gross domestic product grew 8.9% in the third quarter. The country has become key to growth for even the largest multinationals. Paul Otellini, the chief executive officer of Intel, recently said, "Thank God for China. They buoyed, certainly, our company through the depths." Yum! Brands, the fast-food conglomerate, generates a third of its business there, and brands like the Gap and Tiffany have announced expansion plans. As China becomes ever more crucial, here are three myths about business there that you should avoid falling for:

Myth No. 1: China's economy is export-led.

One of the main reasons China has withstood the financial crisis better than analysts like Gordon Chang, author of The Coming Collapse of China and a Forbes columnist, predicted is because the export sector accounts for far less of the economy than the approximately 40% figure that they believe. For a while after China entered the World Trade Organization, in 2001, exports did take up that much of the economy. The government was green-lighting practically every project proposed to it in a rush for economic development. That fast-growing capacity couldn't be used to make things to sell to Chinese consumers; they were still too poor. So companies just set up factories for export.

That situation changed dramatically even before the financial crisis. My firm, the China Market Research Group, estimates that by 2008, exports accounted for just 20% of the economy. A combination of rising costs and new economic policies caused the decline.

For one thing, the government stopped approving high-polluting, energy-intensive, low-intellectual-capital projects. Pollution was starting to cost the creaky state-run health care system too much, and the government wanted to reduce its reliance on foreign energy, so it pushed for a more service-led and less export-led economy. Scores of factories relocated to Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Mexico, where policies were more welcoming and labor and real estate costs were lower. Many factories shut, and larger manufacturers like Foxconn, the maker of Apple's ( AAPL - news - people ) iPhone, consolidated their market share.

The shift away from tiny, soot-belching factories to larger ones partially explains why energy use has not risen as fast as GDP over the last several months. The economy is less reliant on energy-inefficient factories.
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I don't know what the ideal solution is for current situation but prosperity for all is the only way to have a better future, it does not matter which country someone belongs to. China will stall but....


The export sector is going to continue to play a diminishing role as domestic consumption increases, as I wrote in "Tap Into China's Swelling Consumer Base." We estimate that consumer-fueled domestic consumption will account for 50% of GDP within the next five years, up from 33% today.

Myth No. 2: China has a limitless supply of cheap labor.

People may think it does, but in fact recruiting and retaining talent has been difficult for companies even during the financial crisis. Many blue-collar workers are no longer willing to labor for low wages in manufacturing hubs like Guangdong, visiting their families only once a year. They've lost the fear of going hungry, so they've gotten more selective about employment. They have far more job opportunities closer to their homes, as China's $586 billion stimulus package has propped up the economy in the poorer regions that most construction and factory workers come from.

At the white-collar level, most multinationals need to rethink their human resource strategies. Job-hopping is high, with many companies losing 20% of their employees a year. The overwhelming reason younger white-collar workers leave their jobs is not because their salaries are too low but because they see no career paths there.

Nothing demoralizes young workers more than knowing that expatriates get out-sized pay packages at places where there are no mainland Chinese senior executives. They may have Taiwanese, Hong Kong and other Chinese-speaking executives, but those don't count. Mainlanders still see them as foreigners. Many mainlanders feel, why work for Google ( GOOG - news - people ) if you can get a job with its Chinese competitor Baidu ( BIDU - news - people ) and feel there's no glass ceiling above you?

Companies need to make clear to young Chinese that they're dedicated to retaining them. They need training programs, overseas rotations and clear paths for advancement. Also, companies need to have homegrown leaders who are paid as much as foreigners. Rainmakers who are Chinese should be paid better still, because they are scarce and hard to hold onto.

Myth No. 3: Connections are everything.

If a potential business partner or employee leads off a conversation by saying he is well-connected, and that's what he brings to the table, run like Usain Bolt. Too many companies hire the offspring of well-connected elders and think those connections will guarantee success.

Yes, who you know is important in China, as it is anywhere, but the economy is becoming more sophisticated. Regulations are more transparent than they were just five years ago, and in most situations you no longer need inside pull to get permits. Gone are the days when knowing the right people guaranteed riches. For most businesses, the four Ps of marketing--price, placement, product and promotion--are starting to prevail. Would you simply hire the son or daughter of a deputy mayor in a small town in California and assume certain success? I doubt it. So why would you in China?

Connections can actually damage your business if a factional fight breaks out and your well-connected partner is on the wrong side. The winning side might take business away from those closely associated with the losers. I have seen many companies depend on one big connection and then lose everything after an official lost power or was rotated to another province or ministry. You do need to cultivate relationships with government officials, but do not base your whole business on them.

As China emerges from the downturn relatively unscathed, companies need to understand it can no longer be relied on as a base for low-cost manufacturing. Workers and the government are both demanding change. The faster you can rid yourself of outdated myths about the country, the sooner you will be able generate profits there.

Shaun Rein is the founder and managing director of the China Market Research Group, a strategic market intelligence firm. He writes for Forbes on leadership, marketing and China.



___________________

中国ビジネスに関する大いなる“誤解”

2009年11月6日

原文タイトル:Three Myths About Business In China

著者名:Shaun Rein
原文公開日時:2009年10月27日

 誰もが知ることでも、もはや真実とはいえないことがある。

 今年7~9月期、中国の国内総生産(GDP)は8.9%成長した。この国は巨大な多国籍企業にとってさえ成長の鍵となりつつある。Intelの CEO(最高経営責任者)であるPaul Otellini氏は最近、「中国はありがたい存在だ。間違いなく我が社を深みから引き上げてくれた」と語った。ファストフードのコングロマリットである Yum! Brandsは売上高の3分の1を中国で叩き出す。GapやTiffanyなどのブランドも中国での拡張計画を発表した。今まで以上に重要度を増している中国でビジネスを行う場合に引っ掛かってはならない3つの神話を紹介しよう。

神話その1:中国経済は輸出主導型である。

 『The Coming Collapse of China』の著者であり本誌コラムニストでもあるGordon Chang氏などアナリストの予想よりもずっと立派に、中国は今回の金融危機を耐え抜いた。それが可能となった主な理由のひとつは、同国の輸出セクターの経済全体に占める割合がアナリストらの信じている約40%という数字よりもはるかに小さいことにある。中国が2001年に世界貿易機関(WTO)に加盟してからしばらくは、確かにそのくらいの割合を占めていた。経済発展を目指す政府は、事実上、提案されたプロジェクトのすべてに躊躇なくゴーサインを出した。そのようにして急速に拡大した生産能力だが、国内消費者向け製品の生産には使用されなかった。中国の消費者は依然として貧しすぎたのである。そのため企業が設置したのは、輸出品を生産する工場だけであった。

 金融危機前ですら、そういった状況はすでに劇的に変化していた。弊社China Market Research Groupは、2008年までに中国経済に占める輸出セクターの割合はわずか20%になっていたと推定する。コスト上昇に加えて新たな経済政策が採用されたことで、同セクターの割合は減少した。

 ひとつには中国政府は、汚染度が高く、エネルギー集約的で、低水準の知的資本型プロジェクトを認可しないようになった。公害が時代遅れの国営医療制度にとって極めて重い負担となり始めた。そして政府は外国のエネルギー資源への依存度を低減するため、サービス業主導で輸出への依存度の低い経済を目指したのである。多くの工場が、ベトナム、スリランカ、メキシコなど、企業に有利な政策が採られ、労働コストや不動産コストが中国に比べて低い国々に移転した。閉鎖された工場も多い。そしてApple社のiPhoneを製造するFoxconnなど、より大きな規模のメーカーは市場シェアを固めることになった。

 過去数カ月間の中国のエネルギー使用量がGDP成長率ほど拡大していない理由は、ごく小規模で煤煙だらけの工場から、より大規模な工場にシフトした事実で一部説明できる。中国経済はエネルギー非効率な工場に以前ほど依存しなくなっているのだ。

 私が著書『Tap Into China's Swelling Consumer Base』で述べたように、国内消費が拡大するなかで、輸出セクターの役割は小さくなり続けている。弊社予想では、今後5年間に個人消費主導の内需が GDPに占める割合は、現在の33%から50%に拡大する見込みだ。

神話その2:中国は安い労働力を無限に供給する。

 確かに、中国が安い労働力の供給元であると考える人はいる。だが金融危機のさなかでさえ、企業が才能ある人材を採用し、社内に留め置くことには困難が伴った。広東省のような製造業の中心地では、低い労賃で、しかも1年に1回しか家族にも会えないような状態で働こうというブルーカラー労働者はもはやほとんどいない。こうした労働者はもう飢えを恐れることもなく、仕事を選ぶようになった。故郷の近くでも就職のチャンスは以前よりはるかに多い。中国政府による5860億ドル規模の景気刺激策が、多くの建設労働者や工場労働者の出身地である貧しい地方の経済を下支えしたからである。

 ホワイトカラー労働者については、多国籍企業の多くが人材戦略の再考を迫られている。転職率は高く、大部分の企業では1年間に20%の社員を失う。若いホワイトカラーが仕事を辞める理由として圧倒的に多いのは、賃金が低すぎるからではなく、昇進する道筋が見えないからだ。

 中国本土出身の上級幹部が1人もいない地位で外国人社員が法外な賃金パッケージを受け取っているという事実がいちばん、若い労働者のやる気をなくすものだ。台湾や香港の出身の幹部、ほかにも中国語を話せる幹部はいるかもしれない。だが彼らは中国人のうちには入らない。中国本土の人々にとって、彼らはいまだに外国人なのだ。Baiduのような中国の競合他社に就職できるのに、なぜGoogleで働くのか、そしてなぜ「ガラスの天井」がないように感じるのか、疑問に思っている中国人は多い。

 企業は、彼ら若い中国人を社内に引き止めることに熱心であるという姿勢を明確にせねばならない。トレーニングプログラムや海外転勤の機会を設け、はっきりした昇進の道筋を示す必要もある。さらには、外国人と同じ賃金を受け取る中国出身のリーダーを置く必要もあるだろう。極めて優秀な中国人社員には外国人を上回る賃金を支払わねばならない。そのような社員は極めて稀で、引きとどめておくのが困難だからだ。

神話その3:コネがすべてだ。

 ビジネスパートナーあるいは社員になる可能性のある人が、開口一番、「私は良いコネを持っています」と言い、それがその人の手札なのだとしたら、ウサイン・ボルトのごとくその場から立ち去ろう。良いコネを持つとされる人物の子供を雇い、そうしたコネによって成功が保証されると思い込んでいる企業はあまりにも多い。

 確かに自分の知り合いが誰かということは、他の国と同様に中国でも重要である。だが中国経済は以前よりずっと洗練されつつある。各種の規制は5年前に比べるとより透明性が増し、多くの場合、認可を得るのに内部のコネはもはや必要ない。適当な人物を知っていれば富が保証されたのは遠い昔のことだ。ほとんどのビジネスでは、マーケティング・ミックスの4つのP[price(価格)・placement(販路)・product(製品)・ promotion(販売促進)]が優勢になりつつある。カリフォルニア州の小さな町の助役の息子や娘だというだけで雇い入れて、ある程度の成功が見込めると考える人が果たしているだろうか。そうは思えない。中国では違うとどうして言えるだろうか。

 派閥争いが勃発して、コネを持つパートナーが敗者側についていた場合、そのコネがかえってビジネスに害を及ぼすこともありうる。勝者側は敗者と密接な関係のあった人々から仕事を奪うかもしれない。私はこれまで、ある政府当局者が権力を失ったり、別の県や省に配置替えになったりしたために、その人の持つたったひとつの大きなコネを頼みにしていた企業がすべてを失うというケースを幾つも見てきた。政府当局者との関係を築くことはもちろん必要だが、ビジネス全体の基礎を彼らの上に置いてはいけない。

 中国は相対的に見て無傷で景気後退から脱出しつつあり、今後は低コスト製造業の拠点として頼れる存在ではなくなるかもしれない。それを企業は理解する必要がある。労働者も政府も、変化を強く求めている。中国に関する時代遅れの通念から早く抜け出せば、それだけ早く中国で利益を上げられるようになるだろう。

 Shaun Rein氏はマーケティング戦略情報会社China Market Research Groupの設立者、代表取締役。本誌でリーダーシップ、マーケティング、中国に関する記事を執筆している。

2009-10-07

40年后,中國將是什么樣子

蔡國強 1957年出生,福建泉州人,畢業于上海戲劇學院舞臺美術系,蜚聲海內外的當代藝術家。

自 1980年代中期開始,蔡國強使用中國發明的火藥創作作品,取得了巨大成功,近年來成為國際上最受矚目的中國藝術家之一,其藝術創作對西方藝術界產生了巨大沖擊力,西方媒體稱之為“蔡國強旋風”。作為2008年北京奧運會、殘奧會和2009年國慶焰火總設計師,他的作品見證、輝映了這些偉大的歷史時刻。




“那時候……”

建國100周年時,已經不需要閱兵來表現自己的強大;即使閱兵,海陸空三軍的展示將更像藝術表演。

可能還會有焰火表演,但已經不是我在設計了。

類似奧運會、建國100周年的慶典,已不需要舉國動員,那樣,這個國家才真正健康了,像有的國家搞奧運,基本上就是那個城市自己在籌備。

那時候,整個社會會更寬容、更理性地對待各種不同聲音。

那時候,手上的這本中國護照,走遍天下,將會被尊重了,這是我的期待。因為我搞現代藝術,總是在全世界飛來飛去,發現這是一本在全世界最不受尊重的護照之一,你把它往海關一放,他們就說:中國護照,怎么沒有簽證?好像你犯罪一樣。

1992 年我去新加坡,帶了20多個日本人,有助手、翻譯、隨行記者,一到那兒,還剩5個小時的轉機時間,新加坡很小,大家都想出去玩,我就對他們說,你們走前面,我走后面。前面的日本人走過去蓋章都是“砰砰”的,很順利,他們通過之后都在那兒等我,我剛走過去,就被海關攔下:你是中國護照,沒簽證怎么可以進去?

當海關工作人員知道我是藝術家,那些日本人都是我的隨從,不免有些驚訝,隨即打電話給新加坡航空公司,讓他們寫一個保證書,押在海關,才讓我出去。這讓我很不舒服。

我的女兒已經20多歲了,從小和我一起生活,她現在還是中國護照,我們經常四處碰壁。比如我們要去羅馬展覽,阿姆斯特丹轉機,只需要從第3號登機口到第5號登機口,很近,可他們就是不讓我們過去,因為沒有進荷蘭的簽證。航空公司只好把我們轉到瑞士,再轉飛機過去。如果是坐國際列車,那更慘,通常會被要求立即下車。

我和我女兒講,要解決這件事,有兩種辦法,一是換護照,使我們變得方便,還有一種就是每次挫折都提醒自己要努力,讓這護照受人尊重。現在我到一些國家,他們看到我來,常會讓領事來接見我,和我合影。其實我還是中國護照,但因為我的努力,贏得了尊重。我希望以后我們每個人的護照都能受人尊重。

我說的都是“正常”和普通的要求。我們國家也在一步步“正常”起來,就比如我現在做國慶60周年慶典相比較奧運就難做一點了,這個難做,是藝術家難做,政府難做——從中央到北京市一級政府,拍板決策時,都要考慮到民眾的反應和法律法規。50周年大慶,焰火可以打12寸,現在警方要求只能打6寸,因為這是安全距離。為了藝術效果,我堅持要求再打大一點,最多他們給我升到8寸,而且還要經過很多論證,拿出很多方法去解決法規的問題。我雖然增加了麻煩,但知道這是一個好事——政府開始不能隨心所欲了。

那時候,建國100周年,穩定已經不是國家最大利益所在。人們可以自由地呼吸空氣,放心地喝水,放心吃東西,這其實應該是一個簡單的事情,但現在卻常常變得不那么簡單。

到了那時候,取而代之的是更重要的事情,比如全人類的生態問題等等。

不透明就使人感到擔心。現在,外界對我們的擔心并沒有完全消除,就是透明度還不夠。這一次閱兵,我們基本上展示了最好的裝備,我感到,有這樣的軍事實力做后盾,在國際上反倒要放下“架子”,就譬如你三拳兩拳能把別人打倒,就更不該輕易動手了。不要聲音很響,應該更加平和一點。

那時候,世界會覺得中國人好玩兒,幽默、浪漫而輕松,那時候世界才真正感到中國人多,為什么呢?因為那時候中國人個性會更加解放。現在中國人雖然數量很多,但在世界上能發出聲音的人卻很少,我們在做奧運會開幕式的時候,列出一個表,想把“中國臉”展示給世界,列來列去,只有姚明、成龍、郎朗、劉翔、章子怡、李連杰,再往下找:×××,沒有人認識。那個×××,也沒人認識,這么大的國家,人“少”啊!

現在說中國人在世界上多么有影響力,都是假的,只有一個姚明或者成龍,這不是一個正常的狀態。你看美國,好萊塢、NBA明星層出不窮,在世界上各個人群中都有各自影響力,那才是一個良好的狀態,所以我期望,建國100周年,國家的形象會因為個人形象的彰顯而凸顯出來。

那時候,中國人即使得到諾貝爾獎,也不會特別的欣喜若狂,舉國歡騰。一些事情的意義,不再會被無限放大。一定程度上,就像現在的美國,學者得了諾貝爾獎,學校也不會去刻意宣傳,獲獎者會得到適當的贊譽,比如一個免費的永久性車位,這是很了不起的榮譽。

那時候,中國會有更多的慈善機構,我相信,會有更多的個人、財團、企業集團參與到慈善事業中來,國外的藝術家能很方便地在中國申請到基金贊助,就像我,在國外一直接受各種慈善機構的基金贊助。

那時候,中國的傳統文化會真正影響到世界,哲學態度能夠更多、更深地介入到國際事務的處理過程中。那時候就會感到,其實普世價值也包含中國的。中國的傳統文化以及一些優秀的哲學內核都會成為人類社會普世價值的一部分。比方西方的哲學思想,認為矛盾非解決不可,在價值觀、制度、文化中都要分出對與錯,而在中國的哲學中,世界本身就是矛盾的,很多問題其實就是無解的,但是我們要尋求一種平衡的狀態。使得矛盾不激化到不可控制。

那時候,領導人開會的鏡頭將會成為真正的新聞,現在,主流新聞中領導人開會的鏡頭太多,那其實不會成為新聞,而在建國100年的時候,人們再看到領導人開會的鏡頭,第一反應就是:出什么大事了?

那時候,中國人在世界說話,真正能夠被聽到,世界也才真正能夠理解中國人,理解中國的情況。

2009-09-04

Shopping habits of China’s ‘suddenly wealthy’

Published: August 21 2009 14:41

Neon lights lining a street in China

In the past decade China has become the workshop for the world, its low-cost labour force toiling in factories to churn out cheap goods destined for western consumers. Many of the raw materials needed to feed this industrial juggernaut have to be imported from other countries and today China is the biggest driver of markets in commodities such as copper, oil and iron ore.

But as well as a multitude of low-paid factory workers, the country’s manufacturing boom has also ­created a large and growing number of baofahu – literally, the “suddenly wealthy”. Their shopping habits and changing tastes are reshaping global trade flows at the other end of the production chain.

The rise of the Chinese consumer has ­provided unprecedented opportunities for enterprising global corporations and many now look to the country as their biggest growth market for the indefinite future. And while China’s nouveaux riches share many of the tastes of their counterparts in any other part of the world, there are also a number of customs and cultural legacies that have ­created new markets for ­products that have little value elsewhere. This has encouraged global companies to invest an increasing amount of time and money in understanding what makes the Chinese customer special and how best to market or customise products.

In some cases, traditional Chinese tastes, combined with the explosion in wealth during the past decade, have created a rapacious and unsustainable call for the body parts of endangered species. The manufacture of ­traditional delicacies, ornaments and medicinal ingredients has helped to cut swathes through populations of sharks, elephants, seahorses and other species across the world – and that demand is only expected to increase.

Jamil Anderlini, FT deputy Beijing bureau chief

. . .

Big cars, flashy cars

An illustration of a yellow car neon signIn the US, cars need giant cup-holders, but in China, it’s chauffeurs that are de rigueur. So when Porsche recently decided to launch a four-door sedan in the midst of financial Armageddon, it chose to do so in China – perhaps the last place on earth where anyone still has RMB2.5m (£200,000) to spend on a chauffeur-driven sports car.

At the Shanghai auto show in April, the Porsche Panamera – which offers the ample legroom required by China’s back-seat-riding bosses – premiered alongside the Geely GE, otherwise known as the Baby Rolls-Royce (much to the displeasure of the real Rolls-Royce). Then came news that China plans to buy Hummer and make it greener. China’s love affair with big, flashy autos is clearly just beginning.

The newly wealthy everywhere love to flaunt their money, but China’s rich are even more shameless than most: cars are not a means of locomotion for the affluent Chinese, they are a symbol of success, status and the naked power of the internal combustion engine over the bicycle or pedestrian.

According to Friedhelm Engler, director of design for GM’s Shanghai-based Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center, cars in China are all about “face”. He says the bulky, “three-box” shape that is still overwhelmingly popular is deeply embedded culturally in a country where the rich traditionally rode in palanquins. To western eyes, that makes many Chinese cars look old-fashioned, especially on the futuristic streets of Shanghai, with its space-age skyscrapers. And parking such cars – not to mention parking a “Baby Rolls” – is a nightmare in the city’s congested, narrow streets.

China needs smaller cars, and some younger consumers are leaning toward hatchbacks; but in a country where grandpa or dad is often footing the bill, four doors still often win out over five (not least because grandpa or dad may not know how to drive, so they rely on the younger generation to squire them around at weekends in the three-box). This is a world where the young can start their motoring life with a Buick, not a 2CV or Beetle; Buicks are more popular in China than they have been in the US for decades.

But western car manufacturers are betting that things will change, as China’s budding love affair with the automobile matures. The country is on track to become the world’s largest auto market this year – several years ahead of expectation – and car styles could be transformed at the speed of light. “Chinese consumers are used to moving quickly, from no TV, to a flatscreen,” says Engler. Their auto style may be dowdy today – but in China, tomorrow is always just around the corner.

Patti Waldmeir, FT Shanghai correspondent

. . .

Gold

An illustration of a neon sign with three gold barsChina loves gold in all its forms: as a reserve currency, jewellery, an investment – even gold that is not real at all, or “virtual gold”, the internet commodity used as currency in online games such as World of Warcraft. The Chinese government is trying to crack down on trade in virtual gold, which is “farmed” by online gamers in China and sold to online gamers in the first world.

But when it comes to the real stuff – gold jewellery and gold bullion, for either adornment or investment – trade in China has risen sharply. Beijing recently revealed that it had been secretly buying gold for years in order to diversify its foreign reserves, and had almost doubled its bullion holdings. But they are not the only ones: the rising tide of wealth among middle-class Chinese has made China the second-largest gold jewellery market in the world since 2007, behind only India. Sales of gold and silver jewellery in China rose by an astounding 28.7 per cent in May year on year – proof, if any more were needed, that Chinese consumers have certainly not stopped spending money during the financial crisis. Total gold demand in China last year was nearly 400 tonnes, up by 21 per cent from 2007.

But Chinese people like their gold purer than their western counterparts: 24 carat, rather than 18 carat. The reasons for that, says Shi Heqing, gold analyst at Beijing Antaike Information, are partly historical: “Chinese people have gone through several wars in the last century, and the memory of those is still fresh, so they like secure ways of keeping their money. In the west, people seem to use gold more for decoration or beautification.”

The recent rollercoaster ride in the mainland stock market – which at one point last year had fallen by 70 per cent from its 2007 height, but has since crawled back to half the peak level – has also prompted more investment interest in gold in bullion form, gold market analysts say.

Mr Yu, a 55-year-old antiques trader in Shanghai who declined to give his first name, says he bought 500g of gold in 2007 and increased his holding to 2,000g at the end of last year. “I know people who are still buying stocks at this moment … but gold may be better for people my age who are more risk-averse.”

Or as Shaun Rein, managing director of China Market Research in Shanghai, puts it: “In China, the banking system has only recently become stable. Chinese people like gold: you can always melt it down and it’s easy to carry.”

Patti Waldmeir, with additional reporting by Yan Jin, former FT Shanghai news assistant

. . .

Barbie

An illustration of Barbie as a neon signNo one knows more about shopping than the women in the Shanghai typing pool: all those one-child babies have grown up into over-indulged 20-somethings with office jobs and 100 per cent disposable income. Their parents or grandparents pay for rent, food, healthcare and every other human need; all the rest goes on clothes, shoes, make-up and … Barbie?

Mattel is banking on Shanghai’s girlie-girls to revive its flagging fortunes. The biggest Barbie store in the world recently opened on the city’s Huai Hai Zhong Lu shopping street, where all six floors are infused with the spirit of that 1960s model of female perfection, the blonde and cinch-waisted doll whose brand must rank as one of the greatest successes in the history of world marketing.

But in China, Mattel is breaking that brand mould in a big way: Barbie is supposed to transform herself from a doll into a lifestyle. Nearly a whole floor of the store is devoted to Barbie clothing in grown-up sizes – exorbitantly priced sequined tops that my American eight- and nine-year-old girls would not be caught dead in because Barbie (to them) is a little kid thing. But Shaun Rein of China Market Research says “cute sexy” is what the typing pool wants, and judging from the huge popularity of the Hello Kitty character in that age group, it might just work.

Jinky Gu, spokeswoman for the Shanghai store, has another perspective altogether. “Chinese parents won’t stop investing in their children’s education even during the economic crisis.” The notion that Barbie is an educational toy might horrify the feminists among us, but it just might work among the stiletto-heeled Shanghainese. It would not be the first time that a jaded western brand got a new lease of life in China.

Patti Waldmeir, FT Shanghai correspondent

. . .

Spirits and fine wine

An illustration of a bottle and glass of wine as a neon signShanghai White is the latest product offering from Diageo, the UK drinks business behind such brands as Johnnie Walker and Guinness, and its launch this summer gave the world a glimpse of how the tastes of China’s new rich are changing the liquor landscape.

Shanghai White is being marketed as premium vodka but it is produced in a venture with a Chinese baijiu distillery, combining the distilling process of both vodka and baijiu. The “but” in there is because baijiu is the national firewater in China, with a taste sometimes described as a mixture of tequila and dirt.

Of the roughly five billion litres of spirits consumed every year in China, the vast majority is baijiu; the combined consumption of all foreign spirits is estimated at less than 1 per cent of the total. The allure of such a large market has convinced Diageo that it needs to adjust its product line.

In the wine market, meanwhile, bottles of Château Lafite and Louis XIII are indispensable accoutrements for display in the gleaming new mansions of China’s super-rich, although such badges of wealth are more likely to be seen as investments. The cachet of ordering an expensive bottle also still far outweighs the pleasure derived from drinking it, and Chinese nightclubs are filled with wealthy people ordering top-shelf cognac then mixing it with gallons of sweet, green-tea-flavoured soft drinks.

Only around 5 per cent of grape wine consumed in China is currently imported but this is changing and at numerous recent European wine auctions the winning bidder has been Chinese. While European winemakers have not yet contemplated changing their products to suit Chinese tastes, the marketing strategies of wine dealers are already shifting eastward.

Jamil Anderlini, FT deputy Beijing bureau chief

. . .

Ivory

An illustration of an elephant's head as a neon signFor more than 7,000 years, Chinese artisans have been crafting elephant ivory. Favoured by the Imperial household as far back as the Qing dynasty (1680), ivory has an illustrious reputation and an association with the wealthy and elite. But in 1989, the trading of ivory was banned worldwide through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (Cites), after more than half of Africa’s 1.3 million elephants were poached in a single decade. And yet, with a carving trade established in antiquity and a burgeoning middle class who, for the first time, can afford to buy ivory, China remains its biggest importer.

As Asian elephant herds dwindle, African elephants have become the only source of ivory. In late 2008, Cites authorities allowed China to bid with Japan for tusks from official stockpiles – consisting of ivory collected from elephants that had died a natural death – in four southern African countries. In an open declaration of a continuing demand, 12 Chinese traders bought 62 tonnes at an average price of $144 per kilo. Since this legal purchase, more than 11 tonnes of illegal African ivory have been impounded en route to China.

Elephant poaching largely takes place in central Africa, where poverty and political instability are rife. Chronic unemployment, the availability of firearms and corruption all facilitate the illegal ivory trade. These regions are also home to unregulated domestic ivory markets, where carved items are bought and sold. According to ivory expert Esmond Martin, the majority of buyers are Chinese. In a scramble for Africa’s minerals and resources, the continent has seen a recent influx of Chinese workers – a presence that is visibly reflected in the illegal retailing of ivory. On a recent trip to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Martin recorded 1,433 items of ivory openly displayed in the city’s main streets and central market. Among these were 149 pairs of freshly carved ivory chopsticks, selling for $16 each – in sharp contrast to a Chinese retail price of $139 – and signature stamps and jewellery. All of these items were small enough to potentially smuggle through customs.

Martin had previously estimated that 4,900 to 12,000 elephants from central Africa were killed each year to supply tusks to the craftsmen of Africa, China and Thailand. Conservationists are deeply concerned. According to Barbara Maas, CEO of Care for the Wild International: “With the number of Chinese nationals resident in Africa rising, and poaching on the increase, the frontline between supply and demand for ivory is now perilously close, with a disastrous outcome for elephants.”

Rose Gamble, freelance journalist

. . .

Dairy

An illustration of a bottle of milk as a neon signThe Chinese have become the second-biggest consumers of milk globally, after Indians. Demand has been helped by Beijing bombarding the populace with health messages about the benefits of dairy, by urbanites adopting more western diets and by rising incomes. Dairy consumption in China has doubled since 2000, and reached some 30 million tonnes in 2007, according to Rabobank, the food- and agriculture-focused bank.

International dairy producers got a further boost last year in the form of China’s milk and infant formula contamination scare, which led to two death sentences for men involved in deliberately tainting the country’s milk supply with the chemical melamine. “China’s milk powder imports have more than doubled since the melamine crisis,” says Tim Hunt, senior dairy analyst for Rabobank. “It played a huge role in shoring up market prices for internationally traded products in the first half of 2009.”

Nevertheless, at just 22kg per head each year, China’s dairy consumption falls well short of wealthier Asian countries such as Japan (where people eat some 75kg of milk, cheese, ice cream and yoghurt each year) and is piddling next to European Union residents, who consume 223kg each year. Still, foreign dairy groups see potential in the Chinese market. Although consumption fell in the wake of the melamine scare, it is expected to return close to pre-crisis levels by the end of the year.

Meanwhile, MilkLink, the UK dairy co-operative, this year became the first British cheese maker to export Stilton to China, targeting urban Chinese as well as western expats. The company’s cheeses, which will soon include English cheddar, are being sold in supermarkets along the country’s east coast, including branches of Tesco and Wal-Mart. Simon Mercer, head of export at The Cheese Company, part of MilkLink, claims natural cheeses will be the next big growth story in China’s dairy sector, a forecast backed up by research group Zenith International. It says cheese consumption, currently less than 4 per cent of the country’s dairy market, will rise alongside the expansion of fast food chains such as Pizza Hut and McDonald’s.

As the dairy sector grows, Mercer forecasts China will “suck in” imports, but warns that the UK – where milk production is in decline – is not in a position to meet demand.

Jenny Wiggins, FT consumer industries correspondent

. . .

Dried seahorses

An illustration of a seahorse as a neon signThe aphrodisiac counter is always the most arresting section in the menageries that are Chinese medicine shops. Among the eyes of newts and toes of frogs are mounds of dried seahorses. In traditional Chinese medicine, consuming seahorses is thought to be beneficial for human kidneys, improving memory, reducing swelling, helping women give birth, treating arthritis and even curing breast cancer. But the most important function of the humble hippocampus is the treatment of impotence. Maybe it has something to do with the fact that seahorses are the only known vertebrate species for which males rather than females give birth. Or maybe it’s just because they are so exotic.

For most of the past 1,000 years, only the richest Chinese patients could afford to include seahorses in their love potions. But with industrialisation, rapacious modern fishing techniques and China’s economic renaissance, dried seahorses have become widely available and are even sold pre-packaged by the dozen in supermarkets across the country.

Chinese consumers demand up to 250 tonnes of dried seahorses annually, but populations in China’s own territorial waters have been so depleted that only 10-20 tonnes a year can be sourced domestically. The remainder is imported from places such as Vietnam, the Philippines, India and Africa. And because dried seahorses weigh so little, 250 tonnes is equivalent to tens of millions of seahorses killed every year for Chinese aphrodisiacs – figures so enormous that even some in the Chinese medicine industry have started to voice concern that this precious ingredient will soon be fished into extinction.

The obvious answer? Farming seahorses. But attempts to do so on a commercial scale have so far had little success.

Jamil Anderlini, FT deputy Beijing bureau chief

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“Penny pinching, ruthless, suspicious shoppers”

A Chinese man shops for trousers in a department storeHail the Chinese consumer, putative saviour of the global economy, writes Sameena Ahmad. China is still growing, at an enviable 8 per cent clip, and within that retail sales are rising by 15 per cent and more each year. The country now boasts more millionaires than the UK and glossy malls to serve them are springing up even in tawdry third- and fourth-tier cities. Parched of profits at home, a growing number of multinational corporations are betting on China’s billion-strong army of shoppers to bail them out and the rest of the world.

But in order to sell successfully to the Chinese, you have to understand them – and too many international companies (still) don’t. While the country is growing richer rapidly, the absolute numbers remain relatively small. Total consumer spending in China reached $1,700bn in 2007, according to the most recent figures available, compared with $12,000bn in the US. In new research on the Chinese consumer to be published next month, McKinsey, the management consultancy, classifies just two million households out of a population of 1.3 billion as “wealthy” and that is based on fairly modest annual earnings of more than $30,000. The mass middle class is certainly growing and numbers some 70 million urban households, but these still earn just $5,000-$10,000 a year. That buys western shampoo, Ikea furniture and a television, but not many cars or diamonds.

The current healthy growth in retail sales is also not as good as it looks. Government purchases at retail stores are included in the figures and in many cities, including Beijing, the government has also been helping indirectly by handing out vouchers to finance purchases of anything from computers to weddings. The big spender in China, in years past and even more so today, is the state: private consumption as a percentage of gross domestic product has fallen from 60 per cent in 1968 to 36 per cent last year and could be as low as one-fifth in 2009 as the government ramps up capital investment.

In fact, the Chinese, who already have a world-beating savings rate of nearly 40 per cent of their income, tend to become more frugal when times are tough. As bank deposit rates decline, most of us spend more. The Chinese tend to stash away even greater sums to make up for the lost interest. The reason for this conservatism is the lack of a social safety net in China – citizens have to provide for their own medical care, old age and possible unemployment.

This makes them “penny pinching, ruthless, suspicious shoppers”, says Tom Doctoroff, north Asia director of advertising agency JWT and a writer on Chinese consumer trends. In a recession this behaviour only grows worse. “The downturn has made people keener on finding the cheapest deal,” says Yuval Atsmon, an associate principal in McKinsey’s Shanghai office. Even when they can easily afford it, buying a PC typically involves six visits to a store, and more often than not, customers will wait six months before making their decision after consulting blogs, online comparison sites and – the most important source of information in China – friends and family. Sales of copycat mobile phones, with all the functions of top models but a lower price, have soared from 17 million units in 2006 to 62 million units last year.

Brand consciousness is high, at least in the big cities, but brand loyalty is much lower than in the west. A price cut or good in-store promotion can often sway shoppers. And for cultural reasons, appealing to an individual’s taste or personal comfort typically doesn’t work, Doctoroff points out. A purchase either has to publicly signal status or wealth, like a flashy car does. Or provide a practical benefit: the latest craze in China is chocolate with added calcium, eaten not for pleasure but for the health benefits. The growing appeal of diamonds to women is not based on romance, but as a financial signal of a man’s commitment. Trust is another key issue in a country where so many consumer products are faked. Chinese mothers, for example, will pay 30 per cent more for safe baby milk – and this should favour foreign brands.

But foreign retailers and manufacturers have to cope with vast regional differences in demographics, language and culture that make it hard to plan a single marketing strategy – indeed treating China like a single country is usually a mistake. Natives of Zhejiang on the east coast like “toilet roll as rough as sandpaper”, the former head of Wal-Mart China liked to observe, a penchant thankfully absent elsewhere. Atsmon points out that cities even an hour apart can be entirely different: in southern Shenzhen, more than four-fifths of the population consists of migrant workers, mostly under the age of 35, who speak Mandarin and drink in bars. In nearby Guangzhou, migrants number just over a quarter, more people are older, enjoy watching Cantonese TV and go out to restaurants to drink with family members. Adequately addressing such niches requires an army of local suppliers, costly infrastructure and several layers of wholesalers and intermediaries. Even then, success may remain as elusive as it always has been: “No matter what you may be selling, your business in China should be enormous, if the Chinese who should buy your goods would only do so,” lamented Carl Crow, an advertising executive in Shanghai and author of the original book on how to sell to the Chinese … more than 70 years ago.

Sameena Ahmad is a business writer for The Economist


中國消費大趨勢


過去10年,中國變成了世界工廠,廉價勞動力在工廠中辛勤工作,大量生產為西方消費者定做的廉價商品。這個勢不可擋的工業巨頭所需的許多原材料都必須從其它國家進口,因此在銅、石油和鐵礦石等大宗商品市場,中國如今已成為最大的推動者。

但除了眾多的低薪工人外,中國的制造業繁榮還催生了大量數量仍在繼續增長的暴發戶。他們的購物習慣和不斷變換的品味正在重新構筑生產鏈另一端的全球貿易流。

中國消費者的崛起為雄心勃勃的跨國企業提供了前所未有的機遇,許多企業現在都將中國視為它們在無限期的未來最大的增長市場。雖然中國新富的品味與世界其它各個地方的新富有許多共同之處,但也有許多習俗和文化傳統為在其它地方幾乎沒有價值的產品創造了新市場。這鼓勵了跨國公司不斷增大時間和資金的投入,去了解中國客戶的特殊之處以及如何才能最好地營銷或定制產品。

有時候,傳統中國口味和過去10年財富的激增,滋生出對瀕危物種身體部位貪婪而不可持續的需求。傳統美食、飾品及藥材的制作,助長了對鯊魚、大象、海馬和世界上其它物種的捕殺,而這種需求預計只會增長,不會下降。

吉密歐(Jamil Anderlini),英國《金融時報》駐北京記者

大型車、豪華車

在美國,汽車需要特大號杯托,而在中國,司機則是必需。因此,當保時捷(Porsche)最近決定在金融末日戰爭期間推出一款4門轎車時,它把地點選在了中國——這里可能是地球上最后一個還有人會花250萬元人民幣購買配備司機的跑車的地方。

在今年4月的上海車展上,保時捷Panamera和吉利卓越(Geely GE)一同首次公開亮相。前者有坐在后排的中國老板想要的寬大伸腿空間,后者被稱作小勞斯萊斯(Rolls-Royce)(這令真正的勞斯萊斯非常不高興)。接著又傳出消息稱,中國計劃購買悍馬(Hummer),并令其變得更為環保。中國對大而豪華車的強烈喜愛顯然才剛剛開始。

每個地方的新富都愛炫耀自己的財富,但中國的富人比大多數人都更沒羞沒臊:對中國的富人而言,汽車不是代步工具,而是成功、地位和內燃機凌駕于自行車或行人之上的赤裸裸的權力的象征。

通用汽車(GM)上海泛亞汽車技術中心(Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center)設計總監殷福瑞(Friedhelm Engler)表示,汽車在中國完全是“面子”問題。他說,笨重的“三廂”車受歡迎程度仍然占據壓倒性優勢,這在文化上與中國富人坐轎子的傳統非常契合。在西方人眼里,這讓許多中國汽車看上去很過時,尤其是在上海新潮的大街上和超前的摩天大樓之間。而在上海狹窄而擁擠的街道上,停放這類車簡直就是噩夢,更別提“小勞斯萊斯”了。

中國需要更小的汽車,也有一些較年輕的消費者偏愛掀背車;但在一個常常由爺爺或爸爸付賬的國家,4門車還是經常戰勝5門車(特別是爺爺或爸爸可能不會開車,因此要依賴較年輕的一代用三廂車在周末帶他們出去兜風)。這是一個年輕人可以從別克(Buick)、而不是2CV或甲殼蟲(Beetle)開始其駕車生活的世界;別克在中國比在美國的數十年都更受歡迎。

但西方汽車制造商深信,隨著中國對汽車的熱愛從萌芽走向成熟,情況將會發生改變。今年,中國有望成為全球最大的汽車市場——比預期早了好幾年,因此喜愛的汽車類型也有可能在一夜之間發生轉變。殷福瑞說:“中國消費者已經習慣了快速發展,從沒有電視,一下子到液晶。”他們的汽車車型或許現在很落伍—— 但在中國,明天總是就在拐角處。

帕提•沃德米爾(Patti Waldmeir),英國《金融時報》駐上海記者

黃金

各種形式的黃金中國都喜歡:儲備貨幣、首飾、投資,甚至是“虛擬黃金”——《魔獸世界》(World of Warcraft)等在線游戲中當作貨幣使用的網絡商品。中國政府正在努力打擊虛擬黃金交易,即中國在線玩家將“耕種”的虛擬黃金倒賣給第一世界的在線玩家。

但提到實物黃金——用作飾品或投資的黃金首飾和金條——這類交易在中國得到大幅增長。中國政府最近披露,為了使外匯儲備多元化,中國多年來一直在秘密購買黃金,所持金條增加了近一倍。但他們不是唯一的黃金購買者:由于中國中產階級財富的不斷增加,2007以來,中國已成為全球第二大黃金首飾市場,僅次于印度。今年5月,中國金銀首飾銷量同比增幅達到驚人的28.7%——縱然沒有其他證據,這也能說明中國消費者在金融危機期間肯定沒有停止花錢。去年,中國黃金需求總量接近400噸,比2007年增長了21%。

但中國人比西方人喜歡更純的金子:24K而不是18K。北京安泰科信息開發有限公司(Beijing Antaike Information Development)的黃金分析師石和清表示,這其中有一定的歷史原因:“上個世紀,中國人經歷了幾場戰爭,至今仍記憶清晰,所以他們喜歡安全的存錢方式。在西方,黃金似乎更多地是用作裝飾或美化。”

黃金市場分析師們表示,中國內地股市最近過山車一樣的表現——去年一度較2007年的峰值水平下跌70%,而至今已攀升至峰值水平的一半——也增加了人們對金條的投資興趣。

不愿透露名字的55歲上海古董交易員Yu先生表示,2007年,他購買了500克黃金,去年底,他所持的黃金已增加到2000克。“我認識的人里,現在有人仍在購買股票……但到了我這個年紀的人更不喜歡風險,因此黃金可能更好。”

或者,正如位于上海的中國市場研究集團(China Market Research)的董事總經理小山(Shaun Rein)所言:“在中國,銀行體系直到最近才變得穩定。中國人喜歡黃金:你隨時可以將它熔化,而且易于攜帶。”

芭比

要說誰對購物最在行,當屬上海寫字樓里的女性:那些獨生女已長成溺愛過度的20來歲的青年,坐辦公室,所有收入都可以自由支配。她們的父母或祖父母會支付租金、食品、醫療及其它一切生存需求;剩下的錢都用來買衣服、鞋子、化妝品和……芭比?

美泰(Mattel)正寄希望于上海女性化十足的姑娘們重振其萎靡不振的命運。全球最大的芭比店最近在上海的淮海中路購物街開張,所有6層店面到處都洋溢著上世紀60年代那個完美女性榜樣的精神。這個金發碧眼束腰玩偶的品牌必定身居世界營銷史最成功案例之列。

但在中國,美泰正在徹底打破這種品牌模式:芭比估計會從玩偶轉變成一種生活方式。幾乎整整一層店面都擺放著成人款的芭比服裝——定價高昂、滿是亮片的上裝。我8歲和9歲的美國女兒決不會想穿這種衣服,因為(在她們看來)芭比是屬于小孩子的東西。但中國市場研究集團的小山說,“可愛加性感”正是職場女性所想要的,并且從Hello Kitty在這個年齡群中受到的巨大歡迎來看,芭比或許也能成功。

上海芭比店的發言人Jinky Gu有一個完全不同的視角。“即使在經濟危機期間,中國的家長也不會停止對子女的教育投資。”芭比是一個有教育意義的玩具的觀念,可能會讓我們當中的女權主義者感到驚恐,但在穿細高跟鞋的上海人中,卻可能恰恰行得通。人們已經厭倦的西方品牌在中國獲得新生,這并不是第一次。

帕提•沃德米爾,英國《金融時報》駐上海記者

烈酒和葡萄酒

尊尼獲加(Johnnie Walker)和健力士(Guinness)等品牌的英國酒業集團帝亞吉歐(Diageo)今年夏季推出了其最新出品上海白(Shanghai White),它的登臺讓世界看到了中國新富的口味正在如何改變酒業格局。

上海白被宣傳成是精品伏特加,但它是在一家與中國白酒廠的合資企業中生產的,綜合采用了伏特加和白酒的蒸餾程序。這里之所以用“但”字,是因為白酒是中國人普遍喜歡喝的烈酒,人們有時會用龍舌蘭酒與泥土的混合來形容其味道。

中國每年消費約50億升烈酒,其中絕大部分都是白酒;所有外國烈酒的消費總合估計還不到總量的1%。如此巨大市場的誘惑說服了帝亞吉歐,它必須調整其產品線。

此外,在葡萄酒市場中,拉費堡(Château Lafite)和路易十三(Louis XIII)瓶裝酒是中國超級富豪灼灼生輝的新豪宅中必不可少的展示品,雖然這類財富徽章更可能會被視作投資。點一瓶昂貴的酒帶來的虛榮心的滿足,也仍遠遠超出飲酒獲得的快感。中國的夜總會里面充滿了這樣的富人:點一杯最昂貴的干邑,然后將其混入幾加侖綠茶口味的甜味軟飲料中。

在中國消費的葡萄酒中,目前只有大約5%是進口的。但這種現象正在改變。在歐洲近期舉辦的許多葡萄酒拍賣會上,最終的贏家都是中國人。盡管歐洲葡萄酒生產商尚未開始考慮改變自己的產品,以迎合中國人的口味,但紅酒交易商的營銷策略卻已經向東轉移。

吉密歐,英國《金融時報》駐北京記者

象牙

中國工匠雕刻象牙的歷史長達7000余年。早在清朝時期(1680年),象牙就為皇室所喜愛,它享有盛名,常常會讓人們聯想到富人和精英階層。但由于短短10年間,非洲130萬頭大象中有超過一半遭到獵殺,1989年,通過瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約(Cites),象牙交易在全球范圍內被禁止。盡管如此,由于象牙雕刻品貿易歷史悠久,而中國蓬勃發展的新興中產階層終于買得起象牙了,中國仍然保持是最大的象牙進口國。

隨著亞洲象群日漸減少,非洲大象成了象牙的唯一來源。2008年末,Cites機構批準了中國與日本共同競購4個南非國家的官方庫存象牙。這些象牙是從自然死亡的大象身上收集而來的。12家中國交易商以平均每千克144美元的價格購買了62噸象牙,公開宣示了需求的持續。在這次合法交易之后,已有逾 11噸非法的非洲象牙在運往中國的途中被扣留。

偷獵大象主要發生在充斥著貧困和政治動蕩的中非。長期失業、槍械容易獲得以及腐敗,均助長了非法象牙交易。這些地區也是無管制的國內象牙雕刻品買賣市場的源頭。據象牙專家埃斯蒙德•馬丁(Esmond Martin)稱,絕大部分買家都是中國人。為了爭奪非洲的礦產和資源,最近有大量中國工人涌入非洲大陸——這一現象在非法象牙交易中得到了直觀反映。在最近一次前往埃塞俄比亞亞的斯亞貝巴時,馬丁記下了在該市主要街道和中心市場上展示的1433件象牙飾品,其中有149雙剛刻好的象牙筷子(每雙售價16 美元,與中國139美元的零售價形成強烈反差),還有印章和首飾。這些物品都很小,足夠蒙混過海關。

馬丁以前曾估計,為了向非洲、中國和泰國的工匠提供象牙,中非每年有4900頭到1.2萬頭大象被捕殺。保護主義者對此非常擔憂。國際野生動物關懷組織(Care for the Wild International)首席執行官芭芭拉•馬斯(Barbara Maas)表示:“隨著華裔非洲住民和偷獵行為的增多,象牙供求之間的戰線正危險地日益靠近,將對大象造成災難性的后果。”

羅斯•甘布爾(Rose Gamble),自由撰稿人

乳制品

中國已成為全球第二大牛奶消費國,僅次于印度。中國政府向老百姓大肆宣傳乳制品有利于身體健康,城市居民更多采納西方飲食,以及收入的增加,都促進了對牛奶的需求。據專注于食品和農業領域的荷蘭合作銀行(Rabobank)表示,2000年以來,中國的乳制品消費翻了一番,2007已達到大約 3000萬噸。

去年,中國的牛奶和嬰幼兒配方奶粉污染恐慌給國際乳制品生產商提供了額外的助力。在此次事件中,兩名男子因故意往牛奶中摻三聚氰胺而被判死刑。荷蘭合作銀行資深乳制品分析師提姆•亨特(Tim Hunt)表示:“自三聚氰胺危機以來,中國奶粉進口增長了一倍以上。此次事件在支撐2009年上半年國際貿易產品的市價方面發揮了巨大作用。”

不過,中國每年22千克的人均乳制品消費量,仍遠低于日本等較富裕的亞洲國家(日本人每年消費約75千克的牛奶、奶酪、冰淇淋和酸奶);而與歐盟居民每年223千克的消費量相比,更是顯得微不足道。但外國乳制品集團看到了中國市場蘊含的潛力。盡管乳制品消費在三聚氰胺恐慌之后出現了下降,但到今年年底就有望恢復到接近危機前的水平。

與此同時,英國乳業合作集團MilkLink今年成為首家向中國出口斯蒂爾頓奶酪的英國奶酪制造商,目標是中國的城市居民和外國移民。在中國東海岸的各個超市,包括樂購(Tesco)和沃爾瑪(Wal-Mart)的分店,都有該公司的奶酪出售,很快還會包括英式切達干酪。MilkLink旗下The Cheese Company的出口負責人西蒙•默瑟(Simon Mercer)宣稱,天然奶酪將是中國乳制品業的下一個重要增長點,這一預測得到了研究集團國際Zenith (Zenith International)的支持。該公司表示,奶酪消費目前還不到中國乳制品市場的4%,但它將隨著必勝客(Pizza Hut)和麥當勞(McDonald's)等快餐連鎖店的擴張而增長。

隨著乳制品業的發展,默瑟預測中國將“吃進”外國產品,但他警告,牛奶生產正在下降的英國尚未準備好滿足這些需求。

干海馬

在實際上是中藥店的動物展覽中,最引人注目的總是壯陽藥柜臺。一堆堆干海馬擺放在蠑螈眼和田雞腿中間。根據傳統中藥理論,食用海馬具有補腎、增強記憶力、消腫、幫助婦女生產、治療關節炎甚至乳腺癌的功效。但海馬的最重要功能是治療陽痿。也許這是由于海馬是世界上唯一已知由雄性繁衍后代的脊椎動物。也可能只是因為它們長相怪異。

過去1000多年的大多數時間,只有最富有的中國患者才能把海馬作為壯陽藥的配方。如今,隨著工業化程度的提高、掠奪性現代捕魚技術的發展以及中國的經濟復興,干海馬已可以普遍買到,甚至在全國各地的超市都有按打包裝的干海馬出售。

中國消費者每年的干海馬需求高達250噸,但在中國自己的海域,海馬數量已急遽減少,現在每年只有10噸至20噸干海馬源自國內,其余部分需要從越南、菲律賓、印度和非洲等地進口。由于干海馬重量輕,250噸干海馬就相當于每年有數億只海馬被捕殺,用于中國壯陽藥的配制。這一數字是如此龐大,就連一些中國醫藥界的人士也已表示擔憂,這種珍貴的藥材很快會因為人們的捕殺而滅絕。

明顯的解決辦法?人工養殖海馬。但迄今為止,以商業規模養殖海馬的嘗試基本都未取得成功。

吉密歐,英國《金融時報》北京記者站副站長

“小氣、無情、疑慮重重的購物者”

向公認的全球經濟救世主——中國消費者致敬!中國仍在增長,速度達到令人羨慕的8%,其中零售額以每年超過15%的速度增長。如今,中國的百萬富翁的數量已超過英國,即使是在艷俗的三、四線城市,為百萬富翁服務的炫麗購物中心也在拔地而起。越來越多難以在本國贏利的跨國公司,正押注于中國十幾億購物者大軍將幫助它們以及全球其它國家擺脫危機。

然而,要成功地向中國人推銷產品,你必須了解他們——太多的跨國公司(仍)沒有做到這點。盡管中國正在迅速變得富有,但絕對值仍然相對較低。根據所能獲得的最新數據,2007年,中國消費總支出為1.7萬億美元,而美國為12萬億美元。在管理咨詢公司麥肯錫(McKinsey)本月將公布的中國消費者最新研究中,13億中國人口中僅有200萬家庭被列為“富有”,而且計算標準相當低,為年收入3萬美元以上。廣大中產階級肯定在不斷壯大,總計約 7000萬城市家庭,但他們的年收入仍僅有5000至1萬美元。他們會購買西方的洗發水、宜家(Ikea)家具和電視,但汽車或珠寶的購買并不多。

目前零售的健康增長也不像看上去那樣健康。數據中包括政府在零售店的采購,而且在北京等許多城市,通過發放代金券,為購買電腦到舉辦婚禮等各種支出提供資金,政府也間接提供了幫助。過去幾年,中國最大的支出者一直是政府,現在更是如此:私人消費占國內生產總值(GDP)的比例已從1968年的60% 降至去年的36%,隨著政府加大資本投資,今年這一比例可能會降至20%。

實際上,在時局艱難之際,儲蓄率已經居全球之首(近40%)的中國人往往會變得更為節儉。隨著銀行存款利率下調,我們大多數人會增加支出。但中國人往往會存更多錢,以彌補損失的利息。出現這種保守主義的原因是,中國缺乏完善的社會保障體系——國民必須自己負擔醫療、養老以及可能失業的費用。
廣告公司智威湯遜(JWT)北亞主管、曾就中國消費者趨勢撰文的唐銳濤(Tom Doctoroff)稱,這讓他們成為“小氣、無情、疑慮重重的消費者”。在經濟衰退時,這種行為只會變得更糟糕。麥肯錫上海辦事處副董事安宏宇 (Yuval Atsmon)表示:“經濟低迷讓人們更渴望找到最廉價的交易。”即便他們很輕松就能買一臺個人電腦,他們一般也會到商店跑上6趟,而且常常會先咨詢博客、在線比較網站以及——中國最重要的信息來源——家人和朋友,等上6個月再做決定。山寨機(具備高端手機的所有功能,但價格更低)的銷量已從2006年的1700萬部飆升至去年的6200萬部。

中國消費者的品牌意識很高(至少在大城市是如此),但品牌忠誠度遠遠低于西方國家。降價或店內優惠促銷通常都會讓消費者變心。唐銳濤指出,出于文化方面的原因,迎合個人品味或個人喜好的做法通常行不通。人們的購買要么是為了公開顯示自己的身份或財富,就像一部外表華麗的汽車一樣。要么能夠帶來實際的好處:最近中國出現了對加鈣巧克力的狂熱,食用這種商品不是為了享受,而是為了有益健康。鉆石對女性的吸引力越來越強,并不是基于浪漫,而是一個男人實踐承諾的財力信號。在一個如此多消費品是假冒產品的國家,信任是另一個關鍵問題。例如,中國媽媽會多花30%的錢購買安全的嬰兒奶粉——這應有利于外國品牌。

但外國零售商和制造商不得不應對人口、語言和文化方面的巨大地區差異,這讓它們很難制定一個單一的市場戰略策略——實際上,把中國視為一個單一的國家往往是一個錯誤。沃爾瑪中國區前負責人高興地看到,中國東部沿海省份浙江省的人喜歡“像砂紙一樣粗糙的衛生紙”,還好這種傾向沒有在別的地區出現。安宏宇指出,即便是兩座城市相距只有一個小時車程,情況也可能會截然不同:在南方城市深圳,超過五分之四的人口為外來民工,多數年齡在35歲以下,他們說著普通話,在酒吧里喝酒。而在鄰近的廣州,外來人口僅略多于四分之一,更多的人年歲較大,他們喜歡看粵語電視,與家人一起到餐廳喝酒。要充分應對這種小環境,需要一支由本地供應商、昂貴的基礎設施以及多層批發商和中間商組成的大軍。即便如此,成功可能還是像往常一樣難以抓住——上海廣告主管卡爾•克勞 (Carl Crow)曾感嘆道:“不管你賣什么,只要應該購買你的商品的中國人會去購買,你在中國的業務應該就會很大。”克勞曾著述過一本該如何向中國人銷售商品……70多年前。

薩密納•阿邁德,《經濟學人》(The Economist)商業記者。

2009-09-03

A consumer paradigm for China

A more consumer-centric economy would allocate capital and resources more efficiently, generate more jobs, and spread the benefits of growth more equitably. It would also even grow more rapidly.

The development paradigm that brought China two decades of rapid growth and lifted millions of people out of poverty is reaching the limits of its utility. Well before the US credit bubble imploded, China’s leaders recognized that this old economic model, with its heavy reliance on exports and government-led investments, was straining at the seams.1 The global recession that followed Lehman Brothers’ collapse put the model’s drawbacks into sharp relief. When exports plunged, factories closed, and millions of Chinese migrants lost their jobs, Beijing responded with a $600 billion stimulus package and a torrent of new lending by state-owned banks.

But those remedies, while highly successful in restoring short-term growth, risk aggravating structural distortions that made China’s economy vulnerable to external-demand shocks in the first place. As the global crisis ebbs, China’s leaders realize more clearly than ever that they must unleash consumer spending to achieve sustainable growth. Stoking Chinese consumption has vaulted to the top of national—indeed global—policy agendas. But how, and how much, can it be raised?

To answer that question, the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) considered three scenarios for Chinese consumption rates over the next 15 years: a base case (no new action to raise consumption), a policy case (full implementation of proconsumption measures already announced), and a stretch case (a push beyond the current agenda to implement broad changes in the economy’s structure).

MGI estimates that in the base case, China’s consumption will rise to 39 percent of GDP, a gain of just three percentage points above the current level, leaving the country heavily dependent on exports and government-led spending for continued growth. In the policy scenario, consumption could account for as much as 45 percent of GDP, still well below levels in other major economies. If China’s leaders committed themselves to the more aggressive program of comprehensive reform envisioned in the stretch scenario, however, they could raise private consumption above 50 percent of GDP by 2025 (Exhibit 1). Clearing that threshold would bring the consumption rate in line with those in the developed nations of Europe and Asia, vaulting China’s economy into a new phase. McKinsey estimates that comprehensive reform would also enrich the global economy with $1.9 trillion a year in net new consumption, boosting China’s share of the worldwide total to 13 percent—four percentage points higher than its share without further effort.


Reaching the stretch target wouldn’t be easy. China’s leaders will have to wage a sustained policy struggle on many fronts, combining relatively straightforward measures to encourage private spending with fundamental reform of the nation’s health and pension systems and sweeping changes in the economy’s basic structure. Over the next 15 years, China can realistically hope to increase private consumption’s share of total GDP significantly—but only if policy makers depart from the current development paradigm and embrace new policies, structures, and institutions better suited to the country’s status as a large, maturing market economy. That transformation, though daunting, would have a worthy prize: a more stable and fair economy that uses resources more efficiently, creates more jobs, insulates its citizens from foreign-trade shocks, and contributes more substantially to global growth.
China’s constrained consumers

In seeking to bolster private consumption, China’s policy makers face a unique challenge. Although there is no generally accepted standard for “healthy” private consumption in developing economies, in China it is anemic by almost any measure. Private consumption there totaled $890 billion in 2007, making the country the world’s fifth-largest consumer market, behind the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Germany (which China recently surpassed as the world’s third-largest economy). But relative to China’s population and level of economic development, its consumers punch far below their weight. The country’s consumption-to-GDP ratio—36 percent—is only half that of the United States and about two-thirds those of Europe and Japan. Indeed, China has the lowest consumption-to-GDP ratio of any major world economy except Saudi Arabia, where oil exports contribute the bulk of economic output (Exhibit 2).


In fact, China’s consumption-to-GDP ratio has dropped by nearly 15 percentage points since 1990 and continues to deteriorate in the aftermath of the financial crisis. While falling consumption rates are common in developing economies, the speed and magnitude of this decline have no precedent in modern history. In the United States, private consumption remained above 50 percent of GDP even during the full-scale industrialization drive of World War II. In Japan and South Korea, consumption remained above 50 percent during periods of rapid industrial development.

The sources of China’s low consumption rate are both behavioral and structural (see “China’s consumption challenge”). The country’s households have an extraordinarily high ability to save: the average Chinese family squirrels away an astonishing 25 percent of its discretionary income, about six times the savings rate for US households and three times the rate for Japan’s. Indeed, China’s savings rate is 15 percentage points above the GDP-weighted average for Asia as a region.

Frugality’s impact is compounded—and in many ways produced—by structural features that restrict consumption’s share of the national income. For one thing, Chinese households command only some 56 percent of it (Exhibit 3), compared with more than 60 percent in Europe and more than 70 percent in the United States. No effort to raise Chinese consumption rates significantly can hope to succeed without addressing the structural factors that both channel income away from consumers and discourage them from spending even their modest share.

Mending the social safety net

Perhaps the most common explanation for the Chinese consumer’s reluctance to spend more freely is the frayed social safety net. Many argue that the country’s consumers oversave and underspend because they lack adequate health insurance and can’t count on government- or employer-sponsored programs to provide for them in retirement (see “Unlocking the power of Chinese consumers: An interview with Stephen Roach”). The relationship between social-welfare programs and private consumption is complex, but the moral imperative to extend health and retirement protections to the millions of Chinese who lack them is clear. Over the long run, mending the social safety net would ease anxieties about the future and bolster consumer confidence.

But MGI believes that better health and pension guarantees wouldn’t raise private consumption significantly before 2025. In assessing their impact on consumer spending, the key question to consider is who pays for them. If enhanced health and retirement benefits were financed through increased or expanded payroll taxes—a virtual certainty—households would feel less pressure to save, but after withholding they would have less money to spend. Thus the primary impact of expanding health and pension programs would be distributive, shifting to middle- and upper-income households the cost of benefits for poor ones. Moreover, any effort to broaden health insurance coverage would probably require a substantial increase in public outlays for medical care and thus raise the government’s share of total consumption.

MGI’s effort to model the reciprocal effects of such changes suggests that, in the aggregate, even a fully fledged program to expand China’s health and retirement benefits wouldn’t raise private consumption’s share of GDP significantly. We estimate that, at best, such improvements would boost it by only a percentage point above the 2025 base-case projection.
Putting products within reach

Measures to make goods and services better and more easily available could encourage consumption much more than would fixing the social safety net. China’s consumer infrastructure is incomplete. Too few products are tailored to the needs of those who would use them. Prices remain high compared with income levels: a Chinese worker toils more than seven hours to buy the same amount of goods and services a US worker earns through only one hour of work. In rural China—home to more than half of the country’s 1.3 billion consumers—organized retail establishments mediate only 18 percent of consumption, compared with 50 percent in urban areas.

Toggle Sidebar

China’s fast-evolving consumer finance market

China’s consumer finance industry lags far behind the economy as a whole. In 2007, consumer finance balances still came to less than 13 percent of GDP, below India and far below Singapore and South Korea. Should recent growth rates persist, consumer lending promises to exceed 8 trillion renminbi ($1.2 trillion) by 2014, up from today’s 3.7 trillion renminbi.1 But that calculation understates the market’s latent potential. If consumer lending on the mainland rose to Taiwan’s level, for instance, the shift could unleash as much as 10 trillion renminbi in net new consumption over the next five years—an enormous opportunity for banks and retailers.

China’s people now have limited credit options. Mortgages account for 90 percent of lending to consumers, who have few choices in key product areas, such as auto loans, credit cards, and personal loans. But the market has grown rapidly in recent years. Credit card issuance is skyrocketing, from 3 million cards in 2003 to 128 million by the end of 2008. Indeed, card issuance could surpass 300 million by 2013. Similarly, unsecured personal loans and installment loans, long the domain of underground lenders, have grown at an annual rate of 33 percent since 2006, to 744 billion renminbi, as leading domestic banks and consumer finance specialists strengthened their risk-management capabilities.

For foreign and local lenders jockeying for position in China’s fast-evolving consumer finance market, we see several keys to success.

1. Recognize the market’s diversity. China is a collection of local markets, each at a different stage of development, with distinct risk profiles and unique consumer preferences. These markets generally evolve through three stages of development: nascent (such as Sichuan), emerging (Jiangsu), and maturing (Shanghai). Lenders should take a portfolio view, focusing on the most promising markets, but with enough diversity to capture the next wave of growth.
2. Find a product portfolio that matches consumer preferences. In a sense, consumer-lending products are fungible. Many consumers balance their savings and borrowing in the aggregate, not by individual products. Some countries (such as South Korea) have high levels of credit card usage; others rely more on cash and personal loans. In the present early stage, the ultimate product balance in China remains to be determined. Finding the right mix may prove crucial to success in China’s fast-growing market.
3. Know the rules and their evolution. New regulations issued by Chinese banking regulators in the spring of 2009 give local and foreign banks and consumer finance specialists greater access to the market, in the form of consumer finance companies. While initially restricted to offering installment loans to retail customers with previous track records in borrowing, such companies will probably enable attackers to participate in the unsecured consumer-lending sector more quickly and at greater scale. In addition, the further deregulation of credit cards has allowed overseas banks to issue renminbi-based ones. These banks should target clear segments and develop the ability to serve the broader market.

Would-be players in such a new market must tread carefully. To assure responsible lending and borrowing, the government must strengthen credit bureaus, improve financial education, support “new to credit” products (for instance, low-limit or collateralized credit cards), and allow consumer finance balances to be securitized. Regulators and lenders must work together to improve risk management, especially the ability to identify and address organized fraud. The government must become better at spotting national and local credit bubbles. China can manage the risks and has ample room to expand consumer credit—safely.


About the Authors

Jan Bellens is a principal in McKinsey’s Shanghai office, where Stephan Bosshart is an associate principal; Dan Ewing is a consultant in the San Francisco office.

Notes

1 This assumes a 2008–14 compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14 percent for all consumer lending. Taiwan’s ratio of consumer loans to GDP is 29 percent.

Even when high-quality products are readily available, China’s consumers hesitate to buy them on credit. At 3 percent of GDP, outstanding consumer debt in China falls well below that of other large developing countries, such as Brazil, at 12 percent, or Russia, at 7 percent (see sidebar, “China’s fast-evolving consumer finance market”). What’s more, the privatization of China’s housing stock created a powerful new imperative to save: only the most affluent urban families can obtain mortgages, which thus account for just 23 percent of the value of new homes in China, compared with 65 percent in the United States.

Similarly, concerns about financing the cost of a university education drive much of China’s saving: an April 2009 survey of urban Chinese households commissioned by MGI found that this was the number-one reason for it, eclipsing concerns about medical expenses and retirement. In China, local governments provide for primary and secondary education. But surveys suggest that nearly nine in ten Chinese households hope to send their children to colleges, where costs are high relative to incomes—on average, the cost of a university education is nearly half the disposable income of a typical Chinese family. China has two national student loan programs, but only 10 percent of its college students now participate in them.

MGI estimates that, in the aggregate, measures to facilitate consumer spending—through better and more easily available products and expanded access to consumer credit and to financing for a university education—could raise consumption’s 2025 share of GDP by 2.8 to 4.7 percentage points.
Restructuring an investment-centric economy

Over time, a stronger social safety net and improved access to better goods and services will encourage China’s households to save less and spend more. But the country can’t hope to increase its consumption rate meaningfully unless it reverses a major current trend: households have a small and shrinking share of the national income. Any significant rise in household incomes will in turn require far-reaching policy changes that would transform some of the economy’s most basic structures. The fundamental causes of depressed consumption rates are systemic—hardwired into a development model that values investment over household income—rather than unique consumer preferences rooted in culture.

China’s current growth model tilts overwhelmingly in favor of large industrial companies, which typically are state owned or led, benefit from preferential financing from state-controlled banks, and enjoy considerable monopoly power. These features collectively place consumers at a disadvantage and limit employment growth. In any economy, large companies in heavy industry tend to be capital intensive, requiring fewer workers per unit of output than smaller firms in light industries or the service sector. In China, state ownership of heavy industry magnifies this tendency. Such companies, which can count on ready access to capital from China’s big banks and don’t have to pay dividends on state-owned shares, have ample funds to plow back into capital investment. Large, state-led manufacturers tend to have monopoly power in their industries, making it easier to resist pressure from workers for higher wages.

The result is an economy dominated by giant, capital-intensive manufacturers with strong incentives to pile profits back into ever more plants and equipment rather than disburse them to households as dividends or wages. Labor-intensive producers—small and medium-sized enterprises—and the services sector get short shrift. Over the past two decades, the corporate share of China’s national income has risen to 22 percent, up from 14 percent, even as the share of households has fallen to 56 percent, down from 72 percent. Media images of the country’s factories teaming with workers belie the reality: the economy generates too few jobs given its size and rapid expansion. In recent years, employment growth has inched forward at a rate of 1 percent per year even as GDP advanced by double digits.

Ultimately, China can’t hope to unleash the power of its consumers unless the economy creates more jobs and pays higher wages, so regulatory policies must change. Banks should be encouraged to support the services sector as well as small and medium-sized enterprises. Dividend policies for state-owned enterprises should be changed and the development of equity markets encouraged. By 2025, a comprehensive effort to restructure the economy along these lines could add 3.5 to 6.0 percentage points to consumption’s share of GDP.
A fundamental shift

China has already embarked on measures that will shift the focus of its economy away from heavy industry and exports and toward services and consumer products. But two wide gaps remain: between what’s been proposed and achieved and between what’s been achieved and the country’s long-term potential. The government’s stimulus package, by offsetting collapsed overseas demand for Chinese goods with a huge jolt of new domestic public and business investment, has helped the country shake off the global recession’s immediate impact. But the stimulus package does little to tilt the balance in favor of private consumption. In the short term, it will do just the reverse: 89 percent of it is devoted to infrastructure investment, only 8 percent to measures supporting consumption.

A genuine shift away from the old paradigm will require difficult economic and political choices and is sure to meet with opposition. Yet such a shift is undoubtedly in the long-term interest of the nation as a whole. A more consumer-centric economy would allocate capital and resources more efficiently, generate more jobs, spread the benefits of growth more equitably—and grow more rapidly—than China will if it remains on its present course. The narrowing of the trade surplus and the Chinese consumer’s larger contribution to global growth would make foreign ties more harmonious. In years past, China has demonstrated a remarkable ability to make major economic changes rapidly in pursuit of broad national objectives. It can do so again by shifting to a new economic paradigm that unleashes the spending power of its consumers.


中国の消費者

マッキンゼーのクヲータリーレポートに中国の消費者市場に関しての報告が掲載されています。
 
 中国は過去20年間の急激な経済成長により、数億人が貧困から脱し消費をするようになっている。金融危機の中中国の指導者は、旧来型の輸出主導と政府投資にたよった経済モデルの限界を認識した。輸出の不振により工場は閉鎖し、移民工は仕事をなくしている。是に対して中国政府は60兆円もの景気刺激策を導入し、国有銀行からの新規融資を増加した。

 短期的にはこれ等の景気刺激策は成功を収めているが、海外市場に需要が減少することによる影響は大きく、中国政府は継続的な経済成長のためには国内消費を増やす必要性を明確に認識しだした。問題は、どの程度の規模か、そしてそうやって国内需要を増やすのか。

 マッキンゼーは、3つのシナリオを想定した。なお、現在中国の国内消費額がGDPに占める割合は37%しかない。是に対しアメリカは71%、日本は 55%、台湾54%、韓国48%、インド57%、ロシア62%、ブラジル65%。シンガポールが40%となっていますが、経済規模を考えると国内消費の少なさが目立ちます。Bricsの中でも最小ですね。

ベースシナリオ:2025年のGDPに対する国内消費が39%。
政策シナリオ:    同上      45%。
ストレッチシナリオ: 同上 50%。

 マッキンゼーに寄れば、これは世界の経済にも毎年1.9兆ドルの影響を与えるとの事です。

 もちろん、このストレッチゴールを達成する事は容易ではなく、その為には国の健康保険や年金制度の改革を含む経済構造の大幅な改革が必要となる。政府首脳が現在の経済成長モデルを離れ、本気で市場経済を成熟させる必要がある。

 中国の消費者市場は、2007年に89兆円と米日英独につぐ世界第5位になっている。しかし、経済は世界第三位であり、中国の人口や経済開発の低を考慮すればまだ低い物に留まっている。中国のGDPに占める消費の割合は、石油輸出が大半を占めるサウジアラビアを除き世界の主要な経済国の中で最低となっている。

 中国のGDP対比の消費者市場の占める割合は、1990年より15%も下落し、金融危機の元下がり続けている。開発途上国では経済成長に伴い国内消費の割合が減るのは一般的であるが、中国の場合はその規模、スピード共に前例が無い。アメリカでは第二次大戦中の工業化の時代でも消費がGDPの50%を超えていた。日本と韓国も急激な経済成長の中でも50%を超えていた。

 中国の低い消費は、貯蓄性向が高くなんと所得の25%も貯金しており、その割合は米国の6倍、日本の3倍にもなる。また、アジア平均と比べても15%も高い。

 一つにはGDPに占める家計所得が56%と、60%以上のヨーロッパや70%を超えるアメリカより低い事にあ(チャートを見ると解りますが、日本の GDPに対する家計所得は元々低く、さらにバブル崩壊中の1994年をピークにどんどん下落して今は中国並みです)。この中国の消費の比率を高めるには経済構造を改革する以外にはない。

 多くの人が、中国の消費者が貯蓄に走るのは適切な健康保険制度が無い事、退職後の政府や企業の年金制度をを信頼していない事といわれている。社会保障の未整備と消費が乏しいことの関係は簡単には言えないが、将来の不安の為に貯蓄をしているという事はいえるだろう。

 マッキンゼーの予測に寄れば、社会保障の整備は必要ではあるが、それだけでは消費をあげるには不十分である。なぜなら十分な社会保障を行う為には個人所得に対する増税や保険料負担の増加をもたらし、手取り収入を減らすことになり、それは消費を減退させる。そして、国民全部をカバーする健康保険制度は全体消費に占める政府の医療費に対する支出の割合を増やす事になる。その為に社会保障の充実がGDPに占める個人消費の比率を高める割合は低く、2025年でも1%程度と見込まれる。


・商品を消費者の手の届く様にする。

 未だに中国の消費者市場は不完全で、商品の価格も所得に比べて高い。中国の消費者はクレジットで物を買うことを嫌い、消費者の借金の比率はGDPの3% しかない。これはロシアの7%、ブラジルの12%と比べても大きく下回る。中国の住宅融資も都市部に富裕層に限られている。

 大学教育にかかる費用に対する準備も貯蓄を高める事になる。今年行われた調査によれば、教育費の積み立てが貯蓄の第一の理由とされている。中国では90%の家庭がその子女に大学教育を望んでいるが、大学教育にかかる費用は年間可処分所得の半分近くになっている。中国にも2種類の学生ローンがあるが、 10%の学生にか供与されていない。

 この大学教育に伴うローンを供与することにより、2025年の消費の拡大効果は2.8%から4.8%あるとマッキンゼーは見込む。

・投資主導経済構造の改革
 中国の現在の経済成長は、主に国営銀行から資金をふんだんに借り入れられ、かつ独占的地位を保証されている国営大企業により牽引されている。この状況は民間の力を過ぎ、雇用の増大ももたらさない。どこの国でも大規模製造業は投資を必要とし、労働者はそれほど要しないが、中国では特に大規模重工業の比重が高い。そして、これ等大企業が利益を上げ、配当金を株主である国家に納め、その配当金が再投資に回るという構造になっている。国営企業はしばしば独占市場を構成し、労働者に高級を払う事を拒絶する傾向にある。

 このような経済構造が、独占的大規模投資を必要とする製造業が、給与や家計支出を助けるよりも、より多くの工場や設備投資に資金を回してしまう。労働集約的な中小製造業やサービス業は不足している、過去20年、中国の国民所得に法人所得が占める割合は22%と14%から上昇し、一方消費者所得は72%から56%まで低下した。経済規模の拡大やスピードに加えると、雇用をさほど生まなかったのはこの構造が背景にある。近年、GDPが10%以上者成長をしているのに、雇用の増加率は1%に留まっている。

 中国経済の成長のためには、消費者の購買力を高め、雇用を増やし、給与水準を上げる必要がある。これは、政策方針を変えることを意味し、銀行はサービス業や中小企業向けの資金供与を増やす必要がある。国営企業の配当政策も証券市場の発達とともに変更する必要があろう。もし、この方向で政策を変えるのならば、2025年までに消費を3.5%から6%あげる事ができるだろう。

 中国は既に重工業、輸出産業から、サービス業、消費者商品主導の経済への転換を示している。金融危機の元政府主導の経済刺激策が導入され、輸出の不振を上手くカバーしている。しかし、この経済刺激策が民間消費を刺激する比率は少ない。89%はインフラ整備にかかるもので、短期的には効果があるが消費の拡大には8%しか貢献しない

 根本的な改革には、経済政策を変える必要があるが反対意見も強いだろう。このような政策転換は、長期的な発展には必要なものであり、もっと消費者主導の経済にするには、資本や資源を効率的に配分する必要がある。そして、それが雇用を増やし、より早く経済成長を促すだろう。

  国際収支の黒字幅の縮小と、中国の消費の拡大が世界の経済成長にも貢献し、国際的な調和関係をもたらす事になる。中国は、過去大きな経済改革を進めてきており、国家の目的を達成してきた驚くべき能力が有る。だKぁら、このシフトも可能な筈だ。

⇒さすがマッキンゼーで、勉強になりました。
一方、このレポートでは楽観的に占めていますが、現実を踏まえると容易に達成できる未知ではない事は、中国事業の関係者なら誰でも思うのではないでしょうか?

 普通に考えると、
・消費者主導経済には中々代わらない
・給与格差を埋める為にも国営企業が所得を挙げなければいずれ国家の不安定さがもっとひどくなる。
・一方給与の上昇を進めていくと、低コスト、そこそこの品質の中国製品の輸出機会は年々減少してくる可能性がある。

 多分、サービス産業はまだ発展するんでしょうね。所得の高い人が増加していますから。そのサービス産業の担い手の給与がどこまで上がるかはかなり疑問ですけど。

2009-09-02

Japan’s continuity we can believe in

日本の「信じられる連続性」

世界的な景気後退が昨年始まった時、日本の経験は欧米にとって恐ろしい教訓になると言われていた。未曾有の経済危機を前に米国や欧州連合(EU)が正しい政策を実行しなければ、欧米も日本のような「失われた10年」を経験し、そのあとも日本のように何年も経済成長率が伸びないおぼつかない状態が続いてしまうのだと、当時よく言われていた。

その日本はここへきて30日の選挙で、50年以上続いた自民党長期政権に決別し、民主党を与党に選んだ。おかげで今や欧米では、新しい「日本がたり」が繰り広げられている。いわくこれは「政治的な革命」なのだとか。あるいはこれで日本は何年も続いた停滞の日々に別れを告げられる、これは日本にとって大きなチャンスなのだとか。

しかしどちらの「日本がたり」も、間違っている。民主党は実は、そこまで大きく日本を変えたりしないだろうし、そうするべきではないからだ。というのも過去20年間の日本の物語は、欧米の論調が言いたがるほど惨めなものでは決してなかったのだから。

確かに1990年に資産バブルが弾けてからというもの、日本経済はのろのろとしか成長せず、株式市場は下落、財政赤字は恐ろしいほどの額にふくれあがった。けれどもこうした困難があったにせよ、日本はその後もずっと正気で、安定していて、豊かで、エキサイティングな国であり続けた。政治的にも文化的にも、そして経済的な意味でさえも、日本は欧米にとって警鐘どころではない。むしろ長く苦しい時代をどうやって乗り越えるかのヒントとなる、日本は見事なお手本なのだ。

相対的な経済停滞が続いている間ずっと、日本の有権者が繰り返し自民党を与党に選び続けたことは、多くの外国人を当惑させた。それは日本がある意味で民主的な国とは言いきれないからだ――などという意見もあった。しかし日本は変わろうとしていた。変わろうとする意志はあった。たとえば日本はあの派手で華やかな小泉純一郎氏を信任したのだ。おかげで小泉氏は2001年から2008年にかけて、日本を以前よりも自由市場主義的な方向へ引っ張ることができた。そして日本は今度は、小泉氏ほどアメリカ流に傾倒していない、鳩山由紀夫氏と民主党を選んだのだ。

しかし日本が変化を選ぶとき、それは常に一定範囲内での変化にとどまるものと相場は決まっている。たとえば欧米の発想からすると、ひどい不況は過激な政治運動を引き起こしかねないという懸念がある。アメリカ政治の論調は時にそれぐらいヒステリックだし、欧州では極右や極左の政党が票数を伸ばしているから、心配するだけのことはある。しかし20年近くにわたる苦しい時代を経ても、日本は一度たりとも、過激主義に浮気することはなかった。

というのも(外国人はなかなか認めようとしないが)、日本は実は言われているよりはずっと上手に、厳しい経済状況に対応してきたからだ。たとえば英「エコノミスト」誌はたびたび、日本の「人をがっかりさせる才能は見事なものだ」などと書いてきた。確かに外国人投資家にとっては、日本の株式市場はここ20年ほど、がっかりする場所だっただろう。なにせバブルのピークには3万9000円をつけていた日経平均株価が、今は1万500円かそこらなのだから。日本人はそのほかにも、いわゆる「死に体」企業をもっと情け容赦なく処理しようとしないとか、いつまでも「終身雇用制度」のような古くさい慣習にしがみついていると、外国人からやたらと非難されてきた。

しかし日本は景気後退の最もひどい社会的影響のショックをなんとか和らげようと努力してきたのであって、その努力はちゃんと成果を出した。確かに先週には世界不況のせいで日本の失業率が過去最悪の5.7%になってしまった、これは大変なことだという論調の見出しが各紙を飾った。しかし5.7%というのは過去最悪と言っても、米国やユーロ圏の9.4%に比べればかなりマシな数字だ。確かにおそらく、公式の失業率の背後には見えない失業が潜んでいるのだろうが、それは欧米でも同じことだ。

日本人は自分たちの職を必死で守ろうとした。だから労働市場はやや硬直的だったし、経済成長はその代償を払う羽目になった……が、それは耐えられないほどの大きな代償ではなかった。学者たちが息せき切って「ジャパン・アズ・ナンバーワン」などと論文を次々と書いていた時代はとっくの昔に終わった。それでも、日本経済は停滞していると20年間言われ続けながらも、日本は未だに世界2位の経済大国なのだ。日本の大企業は未だに、世界で有数の競争力を誇る製品を作り続けている。たとえばトヨタ自動車は、プリウスのように、ハイブリッド自動車の開発で世界をリードしてきた。

そして東京という街はとてもではないが、慢性的な不況に陥っている国の首都とは思えない。東京のレストランはパリよりもたくさんミシュランの星をとりまくったし、フィナンシャル・タイムズのスタイル専門家、タイラー・ブリュレはひたすら東京のあちこちを歩き回っては、最先端のデザインを見つけてくる。日本がいかにスタイリッシュな国か、世界的な評価は正しいのだ。いわゆる「失われた10年」の直後に、日本が2002年のサッカー・ワールドカップを主催した時には、実に明るく、実に温かい歓迎ぶりで世界を迎え入れてくれた。共催国・韓国の薄気味悪い愛国主義とは、嬉しいほどに対照的だったのだ。それに日本人は、サッカーもできる。日本代表は2004年のアジア杯決勝戦のため北京入りして、そして無事に生還してきた。

もちろん日本にも問題はある。平均寿命はひたすら伸び続けていて、人口は減り続けている。日本人の5人に1人は65歳を超えているのだ。民主党は年金の支給額や育児手当を増やすと約束している。加えて減税も。どうやったらその計算が成り立つのか、よく分からない。今の米英は、自分たちの公的債務が国内総生産(GDP)の80%に達してしまいそうだと心配しているのだが、日本の公的債務は200%に近づきつつある。

日本は確かに高齢化社会の問題に取り組もうとしているが、その対策の一部ははっきり言って気持ちが悪い。たとえば日本は、お年寄りの世話をする介護ロボット開発で、世界の先頭を走っている。介護ロボット「よりそいイフボット」は、報道を信じるなら「宇宙服を着て、天気の話をしてくれて、歌を歌い、ゲームをする」のだそうだ。

笑っている場合ではない。アメリカやヨーロッパは今や、バブル経済のその後の惨状に直面し、財政赤字の拡大や団塊世代の大量退職に直面しているのだから。むしろ敬意をこめて日本を見つめるべきだ。日本こそ、自分たちの未来の姿かもしれないのだから。

Japan’s continuity we can believe in

When the great recession began last year, the fate of Japan was often held up as an awful warning to the west. If the US and the European Union failed to adopt the right policies, it was said, they too might suffer a Japanese-style “lost decade”, followed by years of feeble growth.

Now that the Japanese have used Sunday’s election to elect the Democratic party – breaking with more than 50 years of rule by the Liberal Democratic party – a new western narrative is taking hold. This is a political revolution; it is Japan’s big chance to break with the years of stagnation.

But both these stories are wrong. The Democrats are unlikely to shake things up hugely. Nor should they. For the story of Japan over the past 20 years is by no means as dismal as much western commentary would have it.

It is true that, since its asset-price bubble burst in 1990, the country’s economy has grown slowly, the stock market has slumped and national debt has risen to awesome proportions. But, despite these trials, it has remained a sane, stable, prosperous and exciting country. Politically, culturally and even economically, it offers not so much a warning as an inspiring example of how to deal with a long period of adversity.

The fact that, throughout the years of relative stagnation, the Japanese kept electing the LDP puzzled many outsiders. A few even saw it as evidence that Japan is somehow less than democratic. But it was willing to try and change. The country gave a mandate to Junichiro Koizumi, the flamboyant LDP prime minister, who pushed Japan in a more free-market direction from 2001 to 2006. Now it has turned to Yukio Hatoyama and the Democrats, who are less enamoured of the American model.

However, Japan has always gone for change within well-defined limits. Europeans and Americans worry that a deep recession could stoke political extremism – not without reason, perhaps, given the hysterical tone of politics in the US and the increase in the vote for far-right and far-left parties in Europe. But during almost 20 years of tough times, the Japanese have never flirted with political extremism.

That could be because they have coped much better with economic difficulty than foreigners sometimes acknowledge. The Economist, for example, has occasionally lamented Japan’s “amazing ability to disappoint”. It is true that foreign investors will have found the country’s stock market a particularly disappointing venue in the past two decades; the Nikkei currently stands at a little over 10,500, compared with 39,000 at the peak of the bubble. The Japanese have also been chastised by outsiders for their reluctance to deal more ruthlessly with “zombie” companies, and for clinging to outmoded traditions such as “lifetime employment”.

But the efforts to cushion the worst social effects of an economic downturn have paid off. Last week there were shocked headlines proclaiming that the global recession had driven Japanese unemployment to a new high – 5.7 per cent. That still compares pretty favourably to 9.4 per cent in the US and the euro area. There is probably a lot of disguised unemployment behind the official number – but the same is true in the west.

The Japanese determination to preserve jobs made their labour market less “flexible” and the economy paid a price – but not an unbearable one. The days when academics wrote breathless predictions about “Japan as number one” are long gone. But after 20 years of alleged stagnation, it is still number two – the world’s second largest economy. Its biggest companies still make world-beating products. Toyota, for example, has led the world in developing hybrid cars, such as the Prius.

Tokyo certainly does not feel like the capital of a country in the grip of terminal depression. The city’s restaurants have accumulated more Michelin stars than are to be found in Paris. Tyler Brûlé, the Financial Times style guru, prowls the streets of the city, searching relentlessly for examples of cutting-edge design – a tribute to the country’s reputation for style. When Japan hosted the soccer World Cup in 2002, just after its “lost decade”, it presented a cheerful and welcoming face to the world that contrasted pleasantly with the spooky nationalism of its South Korean co-hosts. The Japanese can even play soccer. The national team went to Beijing for the final of the 2004 Asian cup, beat China – and got out of the country alive.

Of course, Japan has its problems. Its average age is rising steadily and its population is shrinking. One in five Japanese is over 65. The Democrats have promised to raise pensions and payments to parents – and to cut taxes. It is hard to see how the sums add up. While the US and the UK worry that their public-sector debts could hit 80 per cent of gross domestic product, Japan’s debt is heading for 200 per cent.

Some of its efforts to deal with an ageing society are positively unnerving. The country has led the world in developing robots as companions for the elderly. These include a “snuggling Ifbot” that, according to press reports, “lives in an astronaut suit, chats about the weather, sings and plays games”.

It is best not to laugh. As the US and Europe struggle to come to terms with the aftermath of a bubble economy, rising public debt and the retirement of the baby-boom generation, they should look to Japan with respect. It may be the future.


日本并未衰落

去年,當這場大衰退開始之際,人們常常把日本的遭遇,作為給西方的一個可怕警告。他們說,如果美國和歐盟(EU)未能采取正確的政策,或許也會遭遇日本式“失落的十年”,其后則是多年的增長疲弱。

如今,當日本人在上周日的選舉中結束了自民黨(LDP) 50多年的統治,把民主黨(DPJ)送上臺時,西方又出現了一種新的說法:此次選舉是一場政治革命,是日本結束多年停滯局面的重大機會。

然而,這兩種說法都是錯誤的。民主黨不太可能大幅改變現狀。他們也不應該這樣做。因為日本過去20多年來的境遇,決不像許多西方人描述得那么悲慘。

誠然,自1990年日本資產價格泡沫破滅以來,該國經濟增長緩慢,股市大幅下跌,國家債務在GDP中所占比例攀升至可怕的水平。但是,盡管面臨這些困難,日本仍然是一個理智、穩定、繁榮和令人激動的國家。就政治、文化、甚至經濟而言,與其說日本提供了一個教訓,不如說它在如何應對長期逆境方面樹立了一個令人鼓舞的榜樣。

令許多局外人感到困惑的是,在經濟陷入相對停滯的多年時間里,日本人始終選擇由自民黨執政。少數人士甚至把這作為日本不夠民主的證據。但日本樂于做出嘗試和改變。它曾選擇個性張揚的自民黨成員小泉純一郎(Junichiro Koizumi)擔任首相,后者在2001年至2006年間,推動日本走向了更高程度的自由市場化。如今,它轉而選擇了不那么迷戀美國模式的鳩山由紀夫 (Yukio Hatoyama)和民主黨。

不過,日本始終是在明確界定的限度內尋求改變。歐洲人和美國人擔心,嚴重的經濟衰退可能會助長政治極端主義——考慮到美國出現的歇斯底里的政治論調,以及歐洲極右翼和極左翼政黨所獲得的更多選票,這種擔心并非沒有道理。但在將近20年的逆境中,日本人卻從未與政治極端主義有染。

這可能是因為他們在應對經濟困難方面,比外國人有時承認的要強得多。例如,《經濟學人》(Economist)雜志有時會抱怨日本“讓人失望的能力驚人”。確實,外國投資者會發現, 過去20年里日本股市尤其令人失望;日經指數目前僅略高于10500點,而泡沫鼎盛時期曾達到過39000點的峰值。日本人還曾因不愿更冷酷地處理“僵尸 ”公司、執著于“終生雇用”等過時傳統而受到外人的詬病。

但是緩沖經濟衰退最嚴重社會影響的努力收到了成效。上周新聞媒體上出現了令人震驚的標題,宣稱全球衰退導致日本失業率創下新高——5.7%。但與美國及歐元地區的9.4%相比,這已經算是相當好的表現。官方的數字背后,或許存在許多隱藏的失業數據——但西方社會同樣如此。

日本決心保住就業崗位,這使得其勞動力市場不那么“有彈性”,也讓經濟付出了代價——但這種代價并非不可承受。學者們發表“日本將成為全球第一強國 ”的驚人預測的日子早已一去不返。但在經歷了20年的所謂停滯之后,日本依然排名第二——是全球第二大經濟體。日本的大型企業依然在制造世界一流的產品。例如,豐田在研發普銳斯(Prius)等混合動力汽車方面,就走在了世界的前列。

東京給人的感覺,的確不像一個陷入終極衰退國家的首都。東京的米其林星級餐廳比巴黎還要多。英國《金融時報》的時尚宗師泰勒•布律萊(Tyler Brûlé) 徜徉在東京街頭,不知疲倦地搜尋前沿設計的范本——這是在向日本的時尚聲譽致敬。日本2002年主辦世界杯時,“失落的十年”剛剛過去,日本向世界呈現出一副歡樂而好客的面孔,相比于其聯合主辦國韓國怪異的民族主義,顯得格外討喜。日本人的足球踢得也不錯。日本國家隊赴北京參加了2004年亞洲杯的決賽,擊敗了東道主中國隊——而且還活著離開了中國。

當然,日本有其自身的問題。其人口平均年齡正穩步上升,而人口總數逐漸減少。每5個日本人中,就有一個年齡超過65歲。民主黨已承諾將提高養老金和父母的育兒補貼,并采取減稅措施。但很難想象日本政府如何實現收支平衡。當英美兩國擔心其公共債務可能達到國內生產總值(GDP)的80%時,日本的債務卻正逐漸接近GDP的200%。

日本應對社會老齡化的一些努力也讓人不安。在研發給老年人做伴的機器人方面,該國一直處于世界領先水平。其中包括一款“溫暖體貼的Ifbot”,據媒體報道,這種機器人“身著宇航服,會談論天氣、唱歌和做游戲。”

最好不要嘲笑他們。美國和歐洲正疲于應對泡沫經濟、公共債務不斷上升和嬰兒潮(baby-boom)一代退休帶來的后果,他們應該懷著尊敬的心情向日本取經。日本的現在,可能就是他們的未來。

2009-07-21

Why Japan’s Cellphones Haven’t Gone Global

先端行き過ぎた日本の攜帯端末、その「おごり」が海外進出失敗の原因か―米紙

2009年7月20日、米紙・ニューヨークタイムズによると、日本制の攜帯電話端末は世界の何年も先を行きながら、自國の攜帯市場の需要に目を向け過ぎたために、海外進出における競爭力が育たなかったという。

日本の攜帯端末はインターネット、メールができるのはもちろん、クレジットカードや搭乗券にもなり、體脂肪計測機能まで付いている。しかし、海外ではパナソニック、シャープ、NECなどの日本制攜帯端末はほとんど見かけない。日本企業で唯一、海外で成功しているのはスウェーデンのエリクソン社とのジョイントベンチャーのソニーエリクソンだけだが、それでも09年の第1四半期のシェアは6.3%に過ぎず、ノキアやサムソンなどに大きく遅れをとっているという。

これは日本の攜帯端末が時代の先を行き過ぎて世界で受け入れられなかったことや、iモードなど日本國內に特化した通信規格の開発に傾き過ぎたことが原因だと同紙は分析している。また、01年ごろから日本市場の需要が日ごとに増大し始め、各社がその対応に追われて海外進出の努力を怠ったことも大きく影響しているという。不況で國內需要が大幅に減少する中、「日本は今、海外進出しなければ死を待つしかない」と業界関系者は警告している。
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紐約時報:日本手機為何困于國內

加拉帕戈斯綜合癥

乍一看,日本手機應該是手機發燒友們的理想選擇:集合了移動互聯網、E-mail,可作信用卡、登機牌,甚至可以當體脂計算器用。

但是你很難在芝加哥或是倫敦的街頭,看到有人使用諸如松下、夏普或者NEC等日本品牌的手機。盡管日本手機廠商在國外市場已辛勤耕耘多年,但遺憾的是依然收獲廖廖。

日本東京的市場咨詢公司Eurotechnology 總裁Gerhard Fasol表示,日本多年以來在創新方面處于領先地位,但卻沒有從中獲得相應的商業利潤。

日本手機的這種情況可以用個專門的詞“加拉帕戈斯綜合癥”來形容下。(注:加拉帕戈斯是一個地理位置獨特、物產豐富但長期以來與世隔絕的群島。在此形容日本手機創新獨到,但商業推廣不利。)

日本慶應義塾大學講師Takeshi Natsuno也對此進行了解釋,他說,日本手機就像達爾文筆下的加拉帕戈斯群島上的特有生物一樣,美艷絕倫、卻深藏閨中不為人知。

作為成功推出i-Mode 的幕后推手,今年Natsuno先生建議稱,應該征集如何將日本手機推向全球的好的想法。

Natsuno表示:“讓每一位普通用戶都擁有一部超炫的手機,那么我們就得自問,日本能不能有效地利用這種優勢?”

唯一一家真正走向全球的手機廠商只有索尼愛立信,但這家廠商只是日本電子商與瑞典電信公司的合資企業,而且總部還在倫敦。

索尼愛立信也因巨大虧損遭受巨創,2009年第一個季度的市場份額還只有6.3%,落后于芬蘭的諾基亞,韓國三星、LG以及美國摩托羅拉。

然而,與日本手機這點可憐的全球影響力相比,日本手機行業的創新延伸卻觸角頗廣:1999年加入e-mail功能,2000年推出數碼相機功能的手機,2001年3G手機問世,2002年音樂下載手機登場,2004年手機電子支付開始應用,2005年數字電視手機盛行。

日本目前已有1億個3G智能手機用戶,與美國這個用戶基數更大的市場相比,3G用戶超過其兩倍。很多日本用戶通過手機,而不是電腦來使用互聯網。

確實,日本手機廠商已經在這個數字時代處于主宰地位。不過,他們有點聰明過頭了。從20世紀90年代開始,手機廠商們就被囿于國內市場了,當時日本出臺了獨立自主的2G標準,這一標準被海外市場置之不理。運營商建設了柵欄式的互聯網服務,如i-Mode。這個互聯網應用培養了日本龐大的電子商務和內容市場,但也因此慢慢將日本與全球市場孤立起來。

2001年,日本先行一步采取了3G技術,這個時候,日本之外的其他市場還在觀望中,這樣就進一步使日本手機遠遠拋開了海外的絕大多數市場。

之后,90年代末,日本手機得到了快速發展。2000年初,日本手機廠商開始試探性關注海外市場。不過這時候的市場份額已是顯著縮水,當然部分原因也在于當時的經濟不景氣和人口老齡化問題顯現。2008年的手機出貨量僅占總份額的19%,預計2009會更少。行業格局已基本圈定,全球八大廠商競爭這一市場。

日本部分手機廠商目前已經考慮推進海外市場的發展,其中包括在2006年因為海外市場推廣失敗而退出的NEC。同時松下、夏普、東芝和富士通都表示計劃拓展海外市場。

市場咨詢公司Gartner日本公司副總裁Kenshi Tazaki認為,日本手機廠商需要海外市場,不然他們的業務也就走到盡頭了。

最近,Natsuno召集了21名業內分析人士在東京市中心的一座摩天大樓里召開會議。他們在會上分析了市場數據,期間充滿斥責,與會人員也不時搖頭。

日本手機存在的問題

本次會議還就日本手機本身的問題進行了探討。一些參會者表示,雖然日本手機硬件先進,但界面非常原始,多數手機無法像iPhone等其他國外智能手機一樣,和PC實現數據同步傳輸。

軟銀移動高級執行副總裁Tetsuzo Matsumoto認為,因為每款手機都設計成用戶定制頁面,因此手機研發相當耗時而且成本高昂,這樣,日本的手機就像是手工作坊出來的一樣,發展非常受限。

另外日本手機市場也有一些獨特之處,比如說翻蓋手機盛行,但這種款式在海外市場卻不太受待見。再有近期的太陽能和防水功能手機,雖然在硬件上有所創新,但并未取得突破性進展。

還有,由于過份追求硬件,使得新款手機都看起來厚重笨拙。有分析師認為,手機廠商對硬件等外圍設備的太多關注已經阻礙了手機的創新。

比如夏普為軟銀定制的912SH,居然集成了可90度旋轉的液晶屏、GPS導航、條形碼掃描器、數字電視、信用卡功能、視頻會議以及可以通過面部識別解鎖手機的攝像頭多種功能。

日本手機研發者對蘋果iPhone和應用商店的全球盛行艷羨不已,iPhone不僅將美國和歐洲的手機行業從硬件的束縛中解放出來,同時還引導了手機軟件應用的熱潮。Natsuno把玩著他買的iPhone 3G手機嘆道:“這個才是我想做的手機”。

日本手機在硬件上的先進,同時軟件方面又相當原始,這種差異使得日本同行很困惑iPhone的成功,這到底是時尚前沿還是無聊之作?一名分析師表示,日本用戶只是不習慣將手機和電腦相聯。

Natsuno牽頭的這次會議指出了解決“加拉帕戈斯綜合癥”的方向:日本手機廠商需要更多地關注軟件,聘用海外相關人才,同時更應該把眼光放遠、關注海外市場。

巴克萊資本日本通信行業分析師Tetsuro Tsusaka說:“日本手機行業現在關注海外還不算太晚,加拉帕戈斯群島外大多數的手機還相當落后”.

日本手機廠商想要拓展市場,但他們的聰明才智卻沒用到點子上
++++++++++++++++++++++++

Why Japan’s Cellphones Haven’t Gone Global

Japanese cellphone makers want to expand, but their clever handsets do not work on other networks.

By HIROKO TABUCHI
Published: July 19, 2009

TOKYO — At first glance, Japanese cellphones are a gadget lover’s dream: ready for Internet and e-mail, they double as credit cards, boarding passes and even body-fat calculators.


Competition is fierce in the relatively small Japanese cellphone market, with eight manufacturers.

Takeshi Natsuno developed a wireless Internet service that caught on in Japan.

But it is hard to find anyone in Chicago or London using a Japanese phone like a Panasonic, a Sharp or an NEC. Despite years of dabbling in overseas markets, Japan’s handset makers have little presence beyond the country’s shores.

“Japan is years ahead in any innovation. But it hasn’t been able to get business out of it,” said Gerhard Fasol, president of the Tokyo-based IT consulting firm, Eurotechnology Japan.

The Japanese have a name for their problem: Galápagos syndrome.

Japan’s cellphones are like the endemic species that Darwin encountered on the Galápagos Islands — fantastically evolved and divergent from their mainland cousins — explains Takeshi Natsuno, who teaches at Tokyo’s Keio University.

This year, Mr. Natsuno, who developed a popular wireless Internet service called i-Mode, assembled some of the best minds in the field to debate how Japanese cellphones can go global.

“The most amazing thing about Japan is that even the average person out there will have a superadvanced phone,” said Mr. Natsuno. “So we’re asking, can’t Japan build on that advantage?”

The only Japanese handset maker with any meaningful global share is Sony Ericsson, and that company is a London-based joint venture between a Japanese electronics maker and a Swedish telecommunications firm.

And Sony Ericsson has been hit by big losses. Its market share was just 6.3 percent in the first quarter of 2009, behind Nokia of Finland, Samsung Electronics and LG of South Korea, and Motorola of Illinois.

Yet Japan’s lack of global clout is all the more surprising because its cellphones set the pace in almost every industry innovation: e-mail capabilities in 1999, camera phones in 2000, third-generation networks in 2001, full music downloads in 2002, electronic payments in 2004 and digital TV in 2005.

Japan has 100 million users of advanced third-generation smartphones, twice the number used in the United States, a much larger market. Many Japanese rely on their phones, not a PC, for Internet access.

Indeed, Japanese makers thought they had positioned themselves to dominate the age of digital data. But Japanese cellphone makers were a little too clever. The industry turned increasingly inward. In the 1990s, they set a standard for the second-generation network that was rejected everywhere else. Carriers created fenced-in Web services, like i-Mode. Those mobile Web universes fostered huge e-commerce and content markets within Japan, but they have also increased the country’s isolation from the global market.

Then Japan quickly adopted a third-generation standard in 2001. The rest of the world dallied, essentially making Japanese phones too advanced for most markets.

At the same time, the rapid growth of Japan’s cellphone market in the late 1990s and early 2000s gave Japanese companies little incentive to market overseas. But now the market is shrinking significantly, hit by a recession and a graying economy; makers shipped 19 percent fewer handsets in 2008 and expect to ship even fewer in 2009. The industry remains fragmented, with eight cellphone makers vying for part of a market that will be less than 30 million units this year.

Several Japanese companies are now considering a push into overseas markets, including NEC, which pulled the plug on its money-losing international cellphone efforts in 2006. Panasonic, Sharp, Toshiba and Fujitsu are said to be planning similar moves.

“Japanese cellphone makers need to either look overseas, or exit the business,” said Kenshi Tazaki, a managing vice president at the consulting firm Gartner Japan.

At a recent meeting of Mr. Natsuno’s group, 20 men and one woman crowded around a big conference table in a skyscraper in central Tokyo, examining market data, delivering diatribes and frequently shaking their heads.

The discussion then turned to the cellphones themselves. Despite their advanced hardware, handsets here often have primitive, clunky interfaces, some participants said. Most handsets have no way to easily synchronize data with PCs as the iPhone and other smartphones do.

Because each handset model is designed with a customized user interface, development is time-consuming and expensive, said Tetsuzo Matsumoto, senior executive vice president at Softbank Mobile, a leading carrier. “Japan’s phones are all ‘handmade’ from scratch,” he said. “That’s reaching the limit.”

Then there are the peculiarities of the Japanese market, like the almost universal clamshell design, which is not as popular overseas. Recent hardware innovations, like solar-powered batteries or waterproofing, have been incremental rather than groundbreaking.

The emphasis on hardware makes even the newest phones here surprisingly bulky. Some analysts say cellphone carriers stifle innovation by demanding so many peripheral hardware functions for phones.

The Sharp 912SH for Softbank, for example, comes with an LCD screen that swivels 90 degrees, GPS tracking, a bar-code reader, digital TV, credit card functions, video conferencing and a camera and is unlocked by face recognition.

Meanwhile, Japanese developers are jealous of the runaway global popularity of the Apple iPhone and App Store, which have pushed the American and European cellphone industry away from its obsession with hardware specifications to software. “This is the kind of phone I wanted to make,” Mr. Natsuno said, playing with his own iPhone 3G.

The conflict between Japan’s advanced hardware and its primitive software has contributed to some confusion over whether the Japanese find the iPhone cutting edge or boring. One analyst said they just aren’t used to handsets that connect to a computer.

The forum Mr. Natsuno convened to address Galápagos syndrome has come up with a series of recommendations: Japan’s handset makers must focus more on software and must be more aggressive in hiring foreign talent, and the country’s cellphone carriers must also set their sights overseas.

“It’s not too late for Japan’s cellphone industry to look overseas,” said Tetsuro Tsusaka, a telecom analyst at Barclays Capital Japan. “Besides, most phones outside the Galápagos are just so basic.”

2009-07-17

中國越發展 美國越富

本文來自《裝備制造》雜志,作者系郎咸平,原標題《當前國際產業分工下國企和民企都可能被淘汰》全文如下:

今天的國際競爭已經不是企業的競爭,不是產品的競爭,而是進入到了一個前所未有的、一個全新的產業鏈的競爭時代。在產業鏈中,"制造"環節的價值最低。中國企業要改變在國際分工中的定位,要在產業鏈競爭中獲得新生和發展。

中國制造業的困境與突圍

請問各位為什么大學生就業難,你們相不相信你們在媒體看到的解釋基本上都是錯的?有多少人相信今天的中國是個制造業大國?沒有人敢講話了吧,因為我們需要針對這個話題進行反思。今天,我不是簡單來告訴各位為什么,我希望我們未來的領袖們能夠知道,我們應該具有逆向思維。

國際分工和產業鏈的競爭

我從制造業大國這個話題開始吧。我在這里清楚地告訴各位,中國不是制造業大國,真正的制造業大國是美國。你們可能覺得很奇怪:我們的廣東地區、江浙地區和東北地區有多少制造業企業啊,怎么說中國不是制造業大國呢?

我清楚地告訴各位,今天的國際競爭已經不是企業的競爭,不是產品的競爭,而是進入到了一個前所未有的、一個全新的產業鏈的競爭時代。什么叫做產業鏈競爭?我以芭比娃娃為例吧,中國和美國之間去年針對芭比娃娃發生過貿易摩擦。美國政府對中國的出口玩具進行了諸多挑剔,什么含鉛量過重啊等等。含鉛量過重,所以要退貨。可是大家想想,為什么要放這么多鉛呢?不是你產品的設計的要我這么做的嗎?大家再想一想,我們制造芭比娃娃過程當中,我們壞我們的環境,浪費我們的資源,剝削我們的勞動,結果是我們制造出價值1美元的芭比娃娃,但是最后在美國沃爾瑪的零售價格是9.99美元(約10美元)。從1美元升值到10美元的過程當中,9美元的價值是從哪里來的?是誰創造的?

我們過去的討論只是針對1美元做文章,包括產業設計等等,這都是忽視了產業鏈競爭的重大特點。我認為,產業鏈競爭是"6+1"的環節,"6"是6大軟性環節:一是產品設計,二是原料采購,三是長途運輸,四是訂單處理,五是批發經營,六是零售;"1"是硬性環節:制造環節。這6大環節創造出了9美元的價值,這6大環節就是整條產業鏈里面最有價值、能夠創造出最多盈余的環節,但都不是我們中國企業所控制的,最有價值的6大環節基本上都掌控在歐美國家手中。

我們中國企業在國際分工時被分派到價值最低、浪費資源、破壞環境和剝削勞動環節--制造環節。也就是說,當我們破壞環境、浪費資源、剝削勞動創造出1美元血汗產品之后,我們就同時替美國制造出了9美元的價值。因此,中國越發展,美國越富裕。這就是產業鏈競爭的影響!

冷熱并存的中國二元經濟

各位同學,你們的未來就是中國的未來。那么,這種國際分工、國際產業鏈的競爭和各位同學是什么關系?為什么大學生就業難?答案就在這里。我們國家以前大學生的比例嚴重低于歐美平均水平,于是進行大學合并和擴招,培養出更多大學生,并以為有更多大學生之后我們的經濟就會更有質量、就會更高速地發展。但這個想法的前提就是個問題!美國為什么需要很多大學生,而中國培育出這么多優秀大學生卻失業?一般媒體說是同學們水平不夠、不夠用功、專業不對口。可是我覺得媒體都說錯了,"專業不對口"更是特別可笑,可笑得一塌糊涂!

我在全世界很多國家當了很多年的教授,在美國也教過好幾家大學,但我從來就沒有看過哪個學校是專業對口的。那么,我們中國的大學生專業不對口有什么錯呢?本科教育的目的是什么?就是不對口,因為本科教育的本質目的是通才教育,專科教育才要求專業對口。說"專業不對口"本身是一個錯誤,完全扭曲了大學教育的本質。產業鏈跟大學生就業難有什么關系?關系太重要了,而且是唯一的,那就是在整條產業鏈"6+1"的環節里面,真正需要大學生的是"6"而不是"1"。真正需要大學生的是什么呢?產業鏈里面6大軟環節。今天的中國的產業結構,是一個以"1"為主而不是以"6"為主的產業結構。這個產業結構是大學生失業問題的源頭。我們中國的產業現狀不足以支持這么多的大學生就業。美國需要很多大學生,因為它掌握的是產業鏈里面最有價值的"6"部分,它要通過大學生的通才教育創造出更多的價值。
我們一直忽略、甚至不理解在國際產業的分工中我們國家是處于何種的劣勢地位。所謂劣勢,就是以制造業為主產生了諸多的后遺癥。我們很多大學生畢業之后不得不考研究生,研究生考過了又失業了,再考博士生,但博士生要做本科生的事情,不是很大的人才浪費嗎?在國際產業鏈的分工中,我們已經失敗了,我們被定位在價值最少的制造環節,這個制造環節的特征就是浪費資源、破壞環境、剝削勞動力。而6大軟環節既不剝削勞動,又不浪費資源,更不破壞環境,卻能創造出9倍的價值。大學生在這6大軟環節中才能學有所用和占據優勢,才能替國家創造出更多的財富。以我們中國制造業而言,2006年還能達到5%的凈利潤回報,2007年是2%左右吧,2008年呢?可能是負的吧?我們制造業困難不是因為我們不勤勞,不是因為我們不努力,而是一開始我們就處在整個產業鏈結構中最沒有價值的一部分。最近,政府推動了宏觀調控政策,原因說是,中國經濟過熱。但我敢問各位企業家們尤其是民營企業家們,你們認為是經濟過熱嗎?如果經濟是過熱的,為什么你們的日子這么難過呢?而且是一天比一天難過呢?

當產業鏈最末端、價值最低的制造業碰到雪上加霜的時候會怎么做?從產業鏈的分工設身處地為企業想一想。企業會想:關閉算了,做什么做呢?2%的利潤率,多艱難啊!而且整個制造過程是非常復雜麻煩、非常費心勞神的,要花很多時間和精力去搞生產,搞到最后100元錢才賺2元錢。于是真把工廠關了,把應該投資再生產的錢拿出來去炒樓、炒股,所以,2007年房價和股市會飆漲,有嚴重的泡沫。

今天的中國是一個前所未有的空前絕后的二元經濟體制:不是完全蕭條,也不是完全過熱,是同時過熱同時蕭條。70%~80%的企業基本上是蕭條的,剩下的20%~30%是過熱的。與地方政府推動 GDP有關的建設部門是過熱的,比如高速公路、大橋。這個既熱又冷的環境就是二元經濟環境。而造成二元經環境的主因,對于過熱的制造業而言,是由于產業鏈定位的錯誤;對于過熱的部門而言,是地方政府片面追求GDP而造成的。可是宏觀調控下,一再提高利率,一再提高銀行存款準備金率,會使得過冷的更多民營企業處境雪上加霜。我去年談到這個話題的時候,很多人是不信的,因為大家都認為是流動性過剩--我反對流動性過剩之說。我去年就說深圳房價飆漲是因為深圳的經濟環境更糟糕了,預測深圳一定有企業大量倒閉。今年統計數據出來了,事實就是這樣。是企業部門產業鏈定位的錯誤以及政府片面追求GDP造成的這種特殊的二元經濟環境造成的,而不是流動性過剩問題。任何的宏觀調控政策搞不好就只會使二元經濟環境惡性化。因為一提高利率,就會使更多企業干不下去了,而拿起資金炒、樓炒股去。

兩只禿鷹的產業戰略

你們年輕人未來的行為將會對中國產生重大的影響。如果你們不理解中國的現狀,又如何能夠改正中國、保住中國?今天表面上看起來,是在批評我們中國的現狀,實際上是給在座所有的年輕人更大的責任、更大的負擔。中國未來要靠誰啊?不就靠你們年輕人嗎!

我們中國還有廉價勞動力優勢么?過去,你可以這么想,但今天,你不能這么想。對個別工廠而言可能還有勞動力的優勢,但放在整條產業鏈的競爭下就毫無優勢可言。還以芭比娃娃為例。芭比娃娃的整條產業鏈10美元,而制造業的勞動成本,只占著1美元的25%,即勞動成本只占25美分。就這么少!所以,想通過中國廉價勞動力走出國門的企業都必將失敗。比如 TCL和明基都提出來要利用中國的廉價勞動力和國外的品牌、技術,實現"走出去"。我當時的觀點毫不客氣——你一定會失敗。我從來不講什么你有可能會成功。TCL收購了阿卡特爾和法國的湯普森,明基收購了西門子的移動業務。你們會說,阿卡特爾、湯普森、西門子不都是國際名牌么?不都有著全世界最先進的技術么?既有品牌又有技術,再配合上中國的廉價勞動力,哪有失敗的可能,當然會成功了。但是,今天你們就不應該這么想了,應該同時直面"一定會失敗"的批評。為什么?因為勞動力優勢只是1塊錢的25%,在10塊錢價值里只占25分,根本沒用。結果沒多久之后,TCL和明基的跨國經營轟然倒塌,根本走不出去。
今天中國企業所面臨的問題,已經不是國企和民企哪個更有效率的問題,而是在國際產業鏈分工之下,如果國企和民企不能急起直追的話,就有可能雙雙被淘汰。事情就是如此之嚴峻。

我們應該怎么辦?我想來換種方式玩游戲-- 如果你是美國人,你會怎么對付中國?假設我所講的這一切美國人都知道,他會怎么做?我希望大家有智慧地思考和回答這個問題。你們認為中國人是世界上最聰明的民族嗎?告訴各位,聰明和智慧是不同的,你們要做最有智慧的一群人,而不是只有小聰明的人。怎么樣讓自己修煉成最有智慧的人?就要徹底理解中國經濟的方方面面,只有從徹底的理解脫胎換骨、浴火重生,你才能成為中國最有智慧、最杰出的領袖人物。智慧來源于不斷地積累。你要成功,就必須這一輩子都在不斷積累,只有積累到一個高度之后,你才會突然爆發,才有成功機會。

你們出去看看今天的天空,跟過去是不一樣的:今天的天空盤旋著兩只"禿鷹"。這兩只禿鷹看著我們中國的企業慢慢流血而死的尸體,即將飛撲下來,把我們的尸骨啃得精光。它們在天空邊盤旋邊流口水。這兩只禿鷹是誰?

今天晚上你們會去吃飯,有多少同學會去喝青島啤酒。在我演講這一剎那,青啤還是國企,青島國資局控股30%。但它的第二大股東是美國安海斯布什,占27%,安海斯布什只要多買4%的H股,突然之間,青啤就會變為外資企業。只要4%的股份!青啤在2001年的時候公司業績大幅下滑、經營面臨極大困難,負債率高達89%,青啤在難以為繼的情況下發行了14億元的可換股債券賣給了安海斯布什,安海斯布什將這種可換股債券轉換成27%的股份。今天在整個產業鏈的競爭里,我們有多少企業與當時的青啤類似。安海斯布什就是頭上盤旋的第一只禿鷹,黃嘴巴的、最厲害的禿鷹,它叫做產業資本。預警各位要及早注意產業資本對中國企業的掠奪。

第二個例子,美國的凱雷基金想收購我們重工業領域的企業徐工,當時包括我在內的許多人堅決反對。我的理由是國有企業的好壞不能以凈資產做評價,一個企業的價值不取決于凈資產,而取決于這個企業的有序經營人。我反對徐工出讓給產業基金,道理很簡單,我們一旦賣掉之后,凱雷基金會以10倍的價格將徐工分拆賣掉賺大頭。凱雷基金就是天上盤旋的第二只禿鷹,它叫做金融資本。我們的企業要走出去國際化,但是歐美國家通過兩只禿鷹進入中國,看著我們的企業逐漸流血而死,伺機準備飛下來啃食我們的尸體。

你們可能會問我:我們自己努力都不能賺錢,老外憑什么能賺錢?這句話問錯了!我們不賺錢,老外也不一定能賺錢,但我就是要告訴你,整條產業鏈是10塊錢,制造業這1塊錢賺不賺錢不重要,最多也就賠 1塊錢,因為你可以從其他6大環節賺更多的回來。因此,兩只禿鷹買你的企業,不是看你能不能創造利潤,而是看能不能把你融入到產業鏈當中。這就是兩只禿鷹的產業戰略!而我們對此還一無所知,還在搞招商引資,歡迎它們進來洗劫我們的企業。當兩只禿鷹把我們的制造業融入到整個產業鏈當中之后,雖然變成了兩只禿鷹的產業,但是它仍然會把制造業繼續放在中國,繼續浪費我們的資源、破壞我們的環境、獲取我們的勞動。這就是國際分工的狀況,這就是我所解釋的新時代的國際分工。

正確的國際化方略

在這種格局之下,各位想問:郎教授,工廠都在中國,難道你反對我們中國國際化嗎?難道你反對外資進入中國嗎?我怎么會反對呢!我是最贊成國際化的!我是吃資本主義奶水長大的資本主義經濟學家,如果說我左傾的話,那么右的也是錯的--我是最中立的。我太理解資本主義的本質了,我才能看清這一切:資本主義的本質從來都是掠奪,從來沒有改變過,從150 年前大清王朝時期到今天都沒有改變過;唯一的差別只是150年前它是以堅船利炮為主,今天以經濟金融為主,但掠奪的本質是不會變的。

你們會問:工廠在中國,產業基金也好,金融資本也好,難道你不讓它進來嗎?我非常歡迎它進來。這里,我想代大家請教一下農民如何做灌溉。農民會說,灌溉很簡單,你把這個水閘打開之前必須得先挖溝渠,溝渠挖好之后再把水閘打開,讓水順著溝渠流到需要水的農田就行了。如果你傻里吧唧地問農民忘了挖溝渠怎么辦,農民肯定會罵你笨吶,你忘了挖溝渠就把水閘打開,那不就洪水漫流把良田都淹了嗎?

我們今天的"國際化",忘了挖溝渠就打開水閘,洪水漫流大地,外資大欺小、強欺弱,把我們內資企業的良田美地都淹沒了,這是我所反對的國際化。我非常支持國際化,絕對歡迎國際化,絕對歡迎產業資本、金融資本大舉進入中國,但是國際化的前提是我們要先挖好"溝渠"。什么是"溝渠"?就是你一定要制定嚴肅的法制化游戲規則,這個規則是要控制這個國家的包括政府、國有企業和百姓在內的所有個體。如果缺乏嚴肅的法制化游戲規則,你盲目地引進外資,陡然放兩只禿鷹在天空盤旋,這兩只禿鷹就會像洪水席卷大地,把良田都淹沒了。中國目前需要的是一步一個腳印地踏實前行。

你們的肩膀上有多么沉重,你們知道嗎?你們負擔之所以沉重,是因為包括我本人在內的我們這一代人做的不夠好,我們這一代人做的確實太差。你們的日子是極其艱難的,你們第一關要闖過的是就業問題,二是就業之后你們的肩膀上都負擔著極重極重的重擔,你們要改正我們這一代人沒有做好的一切,中國的未來只有靠你們了。

2009-07-10

一些西方媒體無視真相的傲慢與偏見

2009年07月10日07:21 中國青年報

  作者:王大衛

  前幾日,和美國使館一位高級外交官交談,談及對美國媒體的對華報道有何看法時,他直言,不喜歡那些意識形態的東西,不喜歡他們總是在涉及中國的報道前面加上“共產主義中國”。

  如這位外交官所言,這種戴著有色眼鏡看中國的做法一直存在,在遇到具體事件時往往會夸大,甚至歪曲事實。這種有色眼鏡下的失實和偏見,在烏魯木齊7·5事件的報道中,時隱時現。

  烏魯木齊7·5事件之后,中國官方采取了開放的態度,逾百家境外媒體赴當地采訪。在7月6日至8日的報道里,我選取了《紐約時報》、《華盛頓郵報》、《金融時報》、《華爾街日報》、美聯社、《德國之聲》等西方媒體的報道作為樣本,看其是如何以所謂的“客觀”,傳播其理念和觀點的。

  第一招,移花接木,改變事件性質。

  “7·5”事件,是一起嚴重的打砸搶燒暴力犯罪事件,迄今為止,已造成156人死亡、1080人受傷。這樣一起暴力事件,發生在任何一個西方國家,施暴者、殺人者均毫無疑問地要接受法律的制裁,因為任何政府都有責任和義務依法治國。依法維護人民的生命和財產安全。

  事件發生后不久,美聯社發自烏魯木齊的報道這樣寫道:在新疆,騷亂和街頭毆斗導致至少140人死亡,828人受傷,死亡人數仍在增加,在維吾爾族穆斯林和漢族發生不和后,迅速演化為暴力,隨之警察封鎖了部分街道。《華盛頓郵報》的報道稱,少數民族新疆維吾爾族和人口占多數的漢族于星期天發生沖突,造成150多人死亡。《德國之聲》則無視傷亡巨大的事實,援引流亡海外的維吾爾人組織對這一事件的解釋:大約3000名維吾爾人舉行了和平示威活動,參加和平示威的維吾爾人為了表明抗議活動和分裂主義沒有任何關聯。

  輕巧的導語、簡單的描述,就把156個鮮活生命的逝去和1080人受傷一帶而過,西方價值觀對于生命的尊重在這里蕩然無存,那些在街頭散步時被暴徒捅死的女子甚至不值得他們多費半點口舌。就這樣,犯罪成了斗毆,有組織地向無辜百姓施暴成了雙方的沖突,如此輕而易舉,如此不露聲色。

  移花接木,是西方媒體所擅長。《紐約時報》7日的一篇題為“現在的新疆”的社論開頭就說,本輪麻煩始于維吾爾人上街抗議東莞維族漢族工人斗毆,希望政府深入調查。進而,社論“誠實”地表示,我們不清楚誰應該為抗議轉變為暴力負責。依此邏輯,施暴者是“和平抗議”者,似乎不應負責;依此邏輯,那些無辜死去的人,需要為“斗毆”承擔一定負責。

  第二招,厚此薄彼,讓自己支持的一方擁有更多話語權。

  《紐約時報》發自烏魯木齊現場的報道(題為“沖突凸顯種族分歧”)開頭頗為煽情:一些戴著面紗的女子,透過面紗注視著包圍她們的武警部隊,有些人把失蹤家屬的身份證舉在空中。她們舉起拳頭,眼含淚水,要求釋放孩子,釋放丈夫。她們的孩子、丈夫在幾天前的騷亂中被警察帶走。

  明顯的傾向性在報道中顯露無遺。這幅略帶悲愴的畫面,宣揚著西方推崇的對親屬的愛,平民面對擁有“暴力”的警察時的勇敢,但它沒有說,他們的親屬是犯罪嫌疑人,也沒有去傾聽那些無辜死難者的家屬的聲音。需要,則取;不需要,則舍。《紐約時報》的社論援引了“大赦國際”的觀點,而《華爾街日報》干脆刊登題為《真實的維吾爾故事》的言論,作者恰是被中國官方認定是暴亂組織者的熱比婭。

  但是,這些媒體在報道西方國家的騷亂時,卻又態度全然不同。1992年4月,因為白人警察毆打黑人羅德尼·金,美國洛杉磯發生騷亂,布什總統派 4500名聯邦官兵進城。路透社的報道開頭就說,士兵如何在城內巡邏,并在電訊稿開頭援引布什總統的話說:“我將采取一切必要措施恢復秩序。”而當中國發生烏魯木齊7·5事件時,中國官方的聲音總是刻意地被蓋住,遠在海外的流亡人士卻成了主要信源,可謂舍近求遠,舍本逐末。

  第三招,玩弄文字,給中國貼上標簽。

  西方媒體對詞語進行精心選擇,以“巧妙”地顯示其用意。對于新疆事件,多數西方媒體用了騷亂(Riot)一詞,對殺害了156人的暴亂分子,卻沒有用暴徒(Mob)這一說法。但部分漢族民眾上街后,《金融時報》發表題為“暴徒向維吾爾人發動報復”的文章,文章寫道,有些聲音,維吾爾居民不會忘記。在維吾爾人主導的騷亂后,木頭和鐵器拖拉在人行道上的聲音打破了寂靜,讓所有聽到的人望風而逃。

  在中國政府采取措施恢復秩序時,西方媒體習慣用一些詞語表明自己立場,在報道素材的選擇上,也著力體現其“良苦用心”。比如,說鎮壓 (Crackdown),比如像《基督教科學箴言報》所說,中國向新疆揮動“鐵拳”。而對于暴力犯罪,則淡化為抗議者(Protester),澳大利亞的《時代報》走得更遠,把暴力行動的策劃者熱比婭稱為“和中國戰斗的鋼鐵女人”,英國《衛報》也特意刊登了贊頌熱比婭的一篇人物特寫。

  第四招,拼湊材料,以看似不公正的背景材料來實現其不公正的目的。

  英國《每日鏡報》在導語簡要介紹死亡人數后,筆鋒一轉寫道,烏魯木齊的騷亂數千人卷入,引發該地區的大量安全鎮壓,在新疆,維吾爾族“長期抱怨受漢族統治者的壓制”。《紐約時報》的報道也稱,許多維吾爾人講突厥語,信伊斯蘭教,痛恨漢族的統治,中國安全部隊20世紀90年代以來加強對這一盛產石油地區的統治。

  這些媒體對中國政府多年來優待包括維吾爾族在內的少數民族政策只字不提,對絕大多數少數民族與漢族的友好共處只字不提。

  長期戴著有色眼鏡看中國,西方媒體多年來對中國的刻板成見太深。在貼上“共產主義中國”后,所有不同政見、所有反對政府的聲音、所有騷亂都想當然地把板子打在中國官方身上,當自身偏見超越客觀之后,媒體本身的公信力也成了問題。

  另外,西方媒體的傲慢和自我中心也是偏見產生的重要原因。舉個簡單的例子,“9·11”后,美國媒體毫無理性地愛國,反恐成了政治正確,而且要求世界各國遵從;美軍入侵伊拉克,美國媒體被裝進美軍戰車,不停發回報道炫耀又打死多少伊拉克人。而中國允許外國記者去新疆采訪,卻被指責為官方安排,看不到實情,雙重標準體現得淋漓盡致。